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Modernist film is related to the art and philosophy of modernism as early modernist film came to maturity in the era between World War I and World War II, with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, manifesting itself in genres as diverse as expressionism and surrealism (as featured in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[1] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to modernist works, and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[2]

Aesthetics

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Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness."[3] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision became a central characteristic of modernist filmmaking. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[4][5] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and generally has a more sincere tone[6]) than the postmodernist film.

It also attempts to enlarge the film vocabulary against Hollywood's escapist entertainment and it's reliance on narrative trappings which dominates the medium.[7]

List of notable modernist films

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20th century

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21st century

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List of notable modernist filmmakers

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Sources:[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]

[130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][61][62][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192]

[193][69][194][195][196][197][198][199] [200][201][202][203][77][204][205][31][79][80][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][55][83][87][8]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Trent, Ann. "Characteristics of a Modernist Film". Our Pastimes. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  2. ↑ Betz, Mark (2009). Beyond the Subtitle: Remapping European Art Cinema. U of Minnesota Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8166-4035-5.
  3. ↑ Woods, Tim (1999). Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5210-1.
  4. ↑ Dragan Milovanovic (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology.
  5. ↑ "Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," Screen: 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson
  6. ↑ Olsen, Cameron (2021-09-11). "The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker". Collider. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Modernist World – Google Books (ch."Cinema Modernisms in Canada and the United States")
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 Modernism by Cody Lang · Letterboxd
  9. 1 2 A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. 2021. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780199379453.
  10. ↑ Энциклопедия авангардного кино
  11. ↑ "The Screen". The New York Times. 4 April 1921. p. 5.
  12. ↑ Juan A. Suarez (2002). "City Space, Technology, Popular Culture: the Modernism of Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler's Manhatta". Journal of American Studies. 36: 85–106.
  13. 1 2 Film and Early Modernism – Artforum
  14. ↑ The vampire who created the modern world
  15. ↑ Films for Class: Nanook of the North
  16. ↑ Humor as Parody, Eccentrism, and Satire in Soviet Film after World War I
  17. ↑ Graig Uhlin (2019). Modernism and Food Studies: Politics, Aesthetics, and the Avant-Garde. University Press of Florida. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9780813052496.
  18. ↑ Review : Vsevolod Pudovkin: Selected Essays
  19. ↑ Руководство для кинорежиссёра: "Фауст" (1926)|Geeks - Vocal Media
  20. ↑ The Adventures of Prince Achmed
  21. 1 2 A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. 2021. pp. 108–119. ISBN 9780199379453.
  22. ↑ Minden, Michael; Bachmann, Holger (2002). Fritz Lang's Metropolis: Cinematic Visions of Technology and Fear. New York: Camden House. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-57113-146-1.
  23. ↑ Film and Literary Modernism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2013. p. 21. ISBN 9781443866446.
  24. ↑ Zvenyhora (1928): Ethnographic Modernism
  25. ↑ Catherine Driscoll (2010). Modernist Cultural Studies. University Press of Florida. p. 22. ISBN 9780813043203.
  26. 1 2 3 Four films: crossing the boundaries of modernism and postmodernism
  27. ↑ Philosophy, Iconology, Collectivization: Earth
  28. ↑ Bernard Smith (1998). Modernism's History. NewSouth Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 9780868407449.
  29. 1 2 The great secret: Silence, cinema and modernism
  30. ↑ Marcia Landy (2008). Stardom, Italian style : screen performance and personality in Italian cinema. Indiana University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780253351081.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 'And Walt Went Crazy' - Animation Obsessive
  32. 1 2 3 What Inspired UPA
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Modernism of Frank Capra and European Ethical Thought
  34. ↑ (PDF) Alberto Cavalcanti: Experimental Realism in Coal Face
  35. ↑ Barnard, Timothy (1996). "La vuelta al nido". In Barnard, Timothy; Rist, Peter H. (eds.). South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915–1994. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 13–14.
  36. ↑ Di Núbila, Domingo (1998). La época de oro. Historia del cine argentino I (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Jilguero. p. 196. ISBN 978-987-957-865-0.
  37. ↑ “Fantasia”: A Modern Approach to a Timeless Film
  38. ↑ Spring in a Small Town review – powerful, exquisite drama
  39. 1 2 3 4 What is Your favorite "Mid Century" Designed Cartoon Short or Series?|Cartoon Research
  40. 1 2 BOMB Magazine|Amid Amidi's Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties Animation
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bachelor Modern: Mid–Century Style in American Movies – National Building Miuseum
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The World's Worst Director
  43. ↑ A ‘Feeling of Suspension’: Tradition and Modernity in La Pointe Courte
  44. 1 2 3 Midcentury Modernism in Film – Metropolis
  45. ↑ Videology 2
  46. ↑ Veronika fuses out: Rape and medium specificity in The Cranes are Flying
  47. ↑ Perilous Betweens: On Andrzej Wajda’s “Ashes and Diamonds” (1958)
  48. ↑ Mon Oncle: M. Hulot is puzzled by Modernism
  49. ↑ "West Side Story: 60 years as a cultural barometer". Folger Shakespeare Library. October 19, 2021.
  50. ↑ The Making and Impact of One Hundred and One Dalmatians|The Walt Disney Family Museum
  51. ↑ 2010 at the Arthouse: White Material and The Illusionist – The Long Take
  52. ↑ Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962)
  53. ↑ Modernism and Dystopia: Catherine Opie Interviewed
  54. ↑ Mel Brooks–Seriously! – Google Books (pg.105)
  55. 1 2 "Early Anime Features: Two 1960s Classics |". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  56. ↑ Classic=Modern Godard's Bande à part, McTiernan's The Thomas Crown Affair and the Question of Cinematic Modernity, in : Shida Studies in Art History, vol.1, 2011, pp. 285-330
  57. 1 2 3 Moscow Palace of Pioneers in the Cinema: A History Frozen in Time
  58. 1 2 Modernism in Film – Inter Neorealist Antonioni and 'Blow Up'
  59. 1 2 Shinoda: Modernizing Tradition
  60. ↑ I Am Cuba: The Filmmakers Who Came In from the Cold
  61. 1 2 MUBI Collection: BEING GREEN: JIM HENSON'S EARLY SHORTS|MUBI
  62. 1 2 Designers in Context: Film, Advertising, and Modernism - The Visualist
  63. ↑ The fortress and the bard: visions of the Caucasus in Sergei Parajanov’s late films|Klassiki
  64. ↑ Screening Modernism - Cineaste Magazine
  65. 1 2 Ways of Seeing On Kira – Muratova's "Brief Encounters" and Larisa Shepit'ko's "Wings"
  66. ↑ The Criterion Channel's February 2021 Lineup | Lineup | The Criterion Collection
  67. 1 2 3 Socialism in the Films of Kira Muratova
  68. ↑ Jim Jarmusch on the “All-Time Greatest L.A. Crime Film” - CRITERION on YouTube
  69. 1 2 Festival Express|BAMPFA
  70. ↑ Watch the Surrealist Glass Harmonica|International Times
  71. ↑ Hollis Frampton’s Collected Writings
  72. ↑ ‘Easy Rider’ at 56: A Revolutionary Road-Trip Film that Heralded a New Era of Filmmaking
  73. ↑ Sharp, Jasper (July 3, 2006). "Round-Up #22: Anime special". Midnight Eye. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  74. ↑ ‘Fantastic Planet’ Review: Science Fiction Has Never Appeared As Radical, Nor Bleak
  75. ↑ Fabian, Jenny (April 21, 2000), "Jung hearts run free", The Guardian.
  76. ↑ Cantilever City Brutalist Architecture in (Soviet) Cinema
  77. 1 2 Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
  78. ↑ ANDREI TARKOVSKY'S THE MIRROR (1975)|366 WEIRD MOVIES
  79. 1 2 Hoad, Phil (2022-08-22). "Bubble Bath review – hallucinogenic animated musical is a work of 70s genius". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  80. 1 2 "Habfürdő in the 2020-2021 Season of Classic Films Catalogue". Gyorgy Kovasznai NEW. 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  81. ↑ Project MUSE – Modernism and Vietnam: Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 The Essential Digital Modernist Movies, a list by Nikita Lavretski · Letterboxd
  83. 1 2 CINE-FILE SELECTS: SON OF THE WHITE MARE – CINEFILE.info
  84. ↑ Fitzcarraldo| Eye Filmmuseum
  85. ↑ The imagination of touch: surrealist tactility in the films of Jan Švankmajer
  86. 1 2 3 (PDF) Anime and Modernism: Using Hayao Miyazaki’s Films as a Medium for Critiquing and Understanding Modernism’s Impact on the Environment
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Modernism for the masses: the lost glories of Film on Four – Prospect Magazine
  88. 1 2 3 4 Антигерои Балабанова временами явно напоминают героев Кафки
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 Why Jafar Panahi’s Best Films Are Largely Unknown
  90. ↑ (PDF) Films into Uniform: Dogme 95 and the Last New Wave
  91. ↑ Khrustalyov, My Car! – Senses of Cinema
  92. ↑ No Substitute for the Soul: 25 years of Steven Spielberg’s emotional sci-fi A.I. Artificial Intelligence · Journal · Letterboxd
  93. ↑ "ten" (2002) - abbas kiarostami
  94. ↑ Immersed In Movies: Disney/Dali ‘Destino’ Art: Lost, Found and Reconstructed
  95. ↑ Hard To Be A God - Aleksei German and Modernism – Scout Tafoya on YouTube
  96. ↑ Разрушение разрушения. Постмодерн в работах Миядзаки
  97. ↑ Реванш модерна: Висконти в Зубровке
  98. 1 2 Mironescu, Andreea (2017). "In-Between Histories: Intermedial Configurations in Radu Jude's Collage Film "The Dead Nation"". Jazyk a kultúra. 31–32: 103–111 – via ResearchGate.
  99. ↑ Abbas Kiarostami and Nature: Part 1 — The Poetry of Landscape
  100. ↑ The Extraordinary Cinematic Ode to Modernism That You Need to See
  101. 1 2 Lazar, Veronica; Gorzo, Andrei (January 2019). "An updated political modernism: Radu Jude and "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians"". Close Up: Film and Media Studies. 3 (1–2): 7–19 – via ResearchGate.
  102. ↑ The Brutalist Architecture of Dune Rule-breaking Designs for the Future (PDF)
  103. ↑ Bleasdale, John (22 August 2025). "(Review) Dracula: It's hard to resist the irreverence of Radu Jude's overstuffed vampire parody". Sight And Sound. British Film Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  104. ↑ Films by Zoltán Huszárik (1963-1979): life, death and one incredible box set
  105. ↑ Jennifer Lynde Barker (December 13, 2021). "Crafting Animation: Hermína Týrlová's Fuzzy Modernism". MAI. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  106. ↑ Scret Museums: The Films of Arthur Lipsett – Google Books (ch."Introduction")
  107. ↑ Modernity and consumer culture in Visconti's early films
  108. ↑ Modernism as a Misnomer: Godard's Archeology of the Image
  109. ↑ The Palgrave Handbook of Experimental Cinema – Google Books (pg.524)
  110. ↑ A Rich Tapestry of Black Experience: Close–Up on Oscar Micheaux's WITHIN OUR GATES, a story by MUBI · Letterboxd
  111. ↑ Perry, Ted (2006). Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347718.
  112. ↑ Modernism and Film - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  113. ↑ Murphy, Richard (2007). "Modernism and the Cinema: Metropolis and the Expressionist Aesthetic". Comparative Critical Studies. 4 (1): 105–120. doi:10.3366/ccs.2007.4.1.105. S2CID 145016904.
  114. ↑ Vertigo - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  115. ↑ "Modernism and Citizen Kane" by George R. Robinson - BMCC
  116. ↑ The Big Sleep: Cinema and Modernism > National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
  117. ↑ German Cinema, 1920-1930 — Modernism Lab
  118. ↑ Kovács, András Bálint (2006). "Sartre, the Philosophy of Nothingness, and the Modern Melodrama". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 64 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00235.x. JSTOR 3700498.
  119. ↑ Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity —— Edward Dimendberg|Harvard University Press
  120. ↑ Cinema and modernism - The British Library
  121. ↑ The forgotten glamour and modernism of 1930s Italian cinema sets – Museum Crush
  122. ↑ Modernism, Montage, and Social Commentary in Early City Films — Indiana University Cinema
  123. ↑ Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal
  124. ↑ How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema - BBC Culture
  125. ↑ Screening Modernism —— Cineaste Magazine
  126. ↑ Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings
  127. ↑ American Stranger: Modernisms, Hollywood, and the Cinema of Nicholas Ray (Suny Series) (Paperback)|University Press Books/Berkeley
  128. ↑ Sirk/Fassbinder: Melodrama Mutations|White City Cinema
  129. ↑ Evans, Victoria L. (2017). Douglas Sirk, Aesthetic Modernism and the Culture of Modernity. ISBN 9781474409391. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4.
  130. ↑ Battleship Potemkin makes us strong|World cinema|The Guardian
  131. ↑ American Stranger - Google Books
  132. ↑ Key avant-garde films from the roaring '20s :: September 2011 :: Cassone
  133. ↑ The sad and the beautiful : Val Lewton and Vincette Minnelli at the Stanford Theatre|The Stanford Daily
  134. ↑ Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema - Indiana University Press
  135. ↑ THE WORK OF IDA LUPINO EARNS SOME OVERDUE PRAISE - Chicago Tribune
  136. ↑ Table of Contents: Masterpieces of modernist cinema/ - Villanova University
  137. ↑ Modernity: A Film by Alfred Hitchcock — Senses of Cinema
  138. ↑ Established Modernism, 1962-1966 - Chicago Scholarship
  139. ↑ “ ‘Saved from the Blessings of Civilization’: Stagecoach, the West, and American Vernacular Modernism” - Michael Valdez Moses, Duke University
  140. ↑ Yasujiro Ozu: 10 essential films|BFI
  141. ↑ The Rashomon Effect|The Current|The Criterion Collection
  142. ↑ A Quickie Look at the Life & Career of Tex Avery - Bright Lights Film Journal
  143. ↑ Tex Avery: Arch-Radicalizer of the Hollywood Cartoon - Bright Lights Journal
  144. ↑ That's All, Folks - The Washington Post
  145. ↑ The 100 Most Influential Sequences in Animation History - Vulture
  146. ↑ The Cartoon Renegades - The New York Times
  147. ↑ Alternative Visions: Animation|BAMPFA
  148. ↑ Independent Spirits: Faith Hubley/John Hubley (2003) - Turner Classic Movies
  149. ↑ Wolfgram Evans, Noell K. (26 April 2011). Animators of Film and Television: Nineteen Artists, Writers, Producers and Others. McFarland. ISBN 9780786448326.
  150. ↑ Amit Chaudhuri on Satyajit Ray's very Indian modernity: Not a 'beginning' as much as a 'fruition' - Scroll.in
  151. ↑ Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray - Google Books (pg.195)
  152. ↑ The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren — Senses of Cinema
  153. ↑ The world of Len Lye|Govett-Brewster Art Gallery|Len Lye Centre
  154. ↑ "Pretty Good for the 21st Century||Keep It Moving?
  155. ↑ Film and Literary Modernism - Google Books
  156. ↑ The Statues Still Stood: The Third Man and Third Spaces|Modernism / Modernity Print+
  157. ↑ The Development of a Modernist Narrative in Selected Film of Joseph Losey - CORE
  158. ↑ Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism on JSTOR
  159. ↑ Ten Great Movies for Placemakers —— Project for Public Spaces
  160. ↑ Rabinowitz, Paula (2002). Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism. Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-231-11481-3.
  161. ↑ Hilliker, Lee (2002). "In the Modernist Mirror: Jacques Tati and the Parisian Landscape". The French Review. 76 (2): 318–329. JSTOR 3132711.
  162. ↑ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider
  163. ↑ Carney, Raymond (28 January 1994). The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521388153.
  164. ↑ The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopyschotaxiplasm: Take One"|The New Yorker
  165. ↑ Blake Edwards's 'The Great Race' and 'The Party' - The New York Times
  166. ↑ The Bitter Essence of Blake Edwards|Screening the Past
  167. ↑ Filmmuseum - Program SD
  168. ↑ Hard Clarity, Vaporous Ambiguity: The Fusion of Realism and Modernism in Antonioni's early 1960s Films - Senses of Cinema
  169. ↑ Modernist Master: Michelangelo Antonioni | BAMPFA
  170. ↑ "Mr. Klein". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  171. ↑ Mr. Klein | BAMPFA
  172. ↑ Pierrot Le Fou’s Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society|Culled Culture
  173. ↑ "All right: where am I?" "Looney Tunes" Animation as Modernist Performance on JSTOR
  174. ↑ John Cassavetes: The First Dogma Director? - Bright Lights Film Journal
  175. ↑ McElhaney, Joe (February 2012). The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791481110.
  176. ↑ Klein, Scott W.; Moses, Michael Valdez (2021). A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937945-3.
  177. ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
  178. ↑ Kubrick's Total Cinema: Philosophical Themes and Formal Qualities - Google Books
  179. ↑ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
  180. ↑ Hutcheon, Linda (1990). "An epilogue: Postmodern parody: History, subjectivity, and ideology". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 12 (1–2): 125–133. doi:10.1080/10509209009361343.
  181. ↑ Hiroshima mon amour's Unforgettable Opening|Current|The Criterion Collection
  182. ↑ Horror versus Terror in the Body Genre | CINEACTION
  183. ↑ Emile de Antonio - Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
  184. ↑ Lessons of Documentary: Reality, Representation, and Cinematic Expressivity - American Society For Aesthetics
  185. ↑ Agnès Varda Was a Living Work of Art - The Hollywood Reporter
  186. ↑ Eclipse Series 19: Chantal Akerman in the Seventies|The Criterion Collection
  187. ↑ "Here Is Your Life". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  188. ↑ Voyage into the unknown | Movies - The Guardian
  189. ↑ "A Matter of Life and Death". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  190. ↑ Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964-1974 - BAMPFA
  191. ↑ Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts - BAMPFA
  192. ↑ Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum | East Bay Express
  193. ↑ Elegy to Ecstasy: Films from Canyon Cinema - BAMPFA
  194. ↑ Vulgar Modernism - Artfourm International
  195. ↑ Vulgar Modernism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism
  196. ↑ Simpson, Philip; Utterson, Andrew; Shepherdson, Karen J. (2004). Film Theory: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 171. ISBN 9780415259750.
  197. ↑ Five films that influenced Jean-Luc Godard|Far Out Magazine
  198. ↑ Jiří Trnka Shorts: Mature Mastery | American Cinematheque
  199. ↑ The Czech Year - Harvard Film Archive
  200. ↑ Bashara, Dan (2 April 2019). Cartoon Vision: UPA Animation and Postwar Aesthetics. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520298132.
  201. ↑ Global Animation Theory - International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb - Bloomsbury Collections
  202. ↑ Sollors, Werner (2008). Ethnic modernism (First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass. p. 8. ISBN 9780674030916.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  203. ↑ Murray, Robin L. (2011). That's all folks? : ecocritical readings of American animated features. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 85–89. ISBN 9780803235120.
  204. ↑ Six facts about Jean-Luc Goddard – the godfather of modernist cinema|Evening Standard
  205. ↑ What Made Buster Keaton’s Comedy So Modern?|The New Yorker
  206. ↑ "The Servant". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  207. ↑ "La notte". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  208. ↑ Hoberman, J. (2021-01-01). "Hippie Medium". Artforum. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  209. ↑ "United Productions of America and Cartoon Modernism · Bosustow Family Film Collection · Indiana University Libraries Moving Image Archive". collections.libraries.indiana.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  210. ↑ Troyer, Seth (2023-09-18). "12 Totally Strange and Underseen Animated Films". PopMatters. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  211. ↑ "Modernist Cinema". Meer. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  212. ↑ Delapa, Thom (2023-11-24). "What Makes Citizen Kane the Greatest Film of All Time?". TheCollector. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  213. ↑ Anderson, Danny (2019-11-06). "How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern". Film Inquiry. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  214. ↑ "Theories of Modernism in Cinema | Voices | Sylff Official Website | Cultivating Leaders of Tomorrow". Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  215. ↑ Hoberman, J. (2022-09-16). "Godard Was Cinema". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  216. ↑ Ford, H. (2012-10-29). Post-War Modernist Cinema and Philosophy: Confronting Negativity and Time. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-28352-8.
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