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Buddhist temples in Korea

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Buddhist temples, called jeol (절), sachal (Korean: 사찰; Hanja: 寺刹), or garam (가람; 伽藍) in Korean, are an important part of the Korean landscape. The first Buddhist temples of Korea are Chomunsa (초문사; 肖門寺) and Ibullansa (이불란사; 伊弗蘭寺) built in 375 (5th year of the reign of Sosurim of Goguryeo).[1]

Most Korean temples have names ending in -sa (사; 寺), which means "monastery" in Sino-Korean. Hermitages (small temples attached to larger temples) have names ending in -am (암; 庵).[2]

History and characteristics

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When Buddhism was transmitted from India to China, Indian temples, a complex of sangharama and stupas, became the architectural model for Chinese temples. During the Han dynasty when Buddhism was first introduced to China, there were no Buddhist buildings for Indian missionaries, so they were housed in Honglusi (鴻臚寺), a government office. Also, multi-story wooden watchtowers originally built for defensive purposes were repurposed as pagodas, leading to the formation of Chinese-style temple structure. This layout was later transmitted to the Korean Peninsula.[3]

Three Kingdoms period

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In 372 (second year of the reign of King Sosurim), Goguryeo adopted Buddhism from Former Qin. Goguryeo temples typically have a “one pagoda three main halls” structure with buildings surrounding an octagonal multi-story wooden pagoda. This layout is thought to have influenced Asuka-dera of Japan.[4]

In 384 (first year of the reign of King Chimnyu), Baekje adopted Buddhism from Eastern Jin. The first Buddhist temple of Baekje is Bulgapsa built in 385.[1] In 538, King Seong introduced Buddhism to Japan by sending Buddhist books and sculptures.[5] Baekje temples mostly follow a “single pagoda” layout where the gate, pagoda, main hall, and lecture hall are arranged in a straight line with corridors (회랑) surrounding the complex. This layout is thought to have influenced Shitennō-ji of Japan.[6] Mireuksa is a notable example of Baekje temples.

Through the martyrdom of Ichadon in 527 (14th year of the reign of King Beopheung), Buddism was popularized in Silla.[7] The first Buddhist temple in Silla is Heungnyunsa (흥륜사; 興輪寺).[8] Hwangnyongsa is a notable example of Silla temples.

Unified Silla

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Dabotap and Seokgatap of Bulguksa show a "double pagoda" structure

In Unified Silla, Buddhism was promoted nationally and divided into various sects. Temples began to be built in mountains to combine nature and Buddhism so corridors turned into fences (담장). The "double pagoda" structure which places a pair of pagodas on the left and right sides of the main hall emerged in the 7th century. In the mid 8th century, the two pagodas began to be built in different forms, an example being Dabotap and Seokgatap of Bulguksa.[9] Also, bells such as Bell of King Seongdeok began to be made in the mid 8th century.[10] Gameunsa and Bulguksa are notable examples of Unified Silla temples.

Goryeo

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After founding Goryeo, King Taejo built 10 temples in Gaegyeong, its capital, and held palgwanhoe [ko], a national Buddhist ritual, to harmonize regions and Buddhist sects divided during the Later Three Kingdoms Period. Goryeo also promoted Buddhism through policies such as seunggwa [ko], a government exam to select high-ranking monks.[11] Within this context, temples expanded beyond their religious functions to take on broader social and economic roles. Spaces for storing ritual tools and hosting guests increased to accommodate large-scale Buddhist ceremonies. Buddhist halls were further specialized according to deity of worship such as daeungjeon (building enshrining Buddha) and gwaneumjeon (building enshrining Gwanseeum Bosal). Seon Buddhism led to the development of monks’ quarters and lecture halls for spiritual practice. As a result, worship spaces were divided into multiple zones with each zone having a main hall surrounded by subsidiary buildings.[12] Meanwhile, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced during the 13th-century invasion of the Yuan dynasty, which influenced Goryeo Buddhist architecture such as Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda.[13] Seongjusa, first built in the Baekje dynasty, is a notable example of temples which flourished in Goryeo.

Joseon

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Palsangjeon of Beopjusa was rebuilt after Imjin War.

As Joseon was a Confucian state, policies suppressing Buddhism were implemented. In the 16th century, monks were prohibited from entering the capital, which restricted the construction and operation of temples within cities. Temples expelled from the city constructed buildings using the slopes of mountains and pagodas became smaller or disappeared. Nevertheless, the religious character of Buddhism and its beliefs about the afterlife did not disappear even by late Joseon.[14] For example, King Sejo personally supported Buddhism by rebuilding Naksansa.

After the Imjin War, Buddhism was revived outside of Seoul and large Buddhist buildings such as palsangjeon of Beopjusa were built. This is because regulations on Buddhism were lifted after the efforts of monk soldiers and commoners turned to Buddhism from Confucianism which does not address death.[15] Buddhism in late Joseon incorporated various religious elements: behind daeungjeon, buildings dedicated to Bodhisattva such as gwaneumjeon were placed and further in the back stood buildings enshrining indigenous gods such as sansingak.[16]

Modern era

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During the Korean War, 100 temples were destroyed in South Korea and 355 in North Korea. Most temples were restored through efforts of monks and believers in South Korea while only temples with high cultural value were restored under government leadership in North Korea.[17] Temples built in the modern era have multi-story buildings due to spatial constraint and are equipped with culture facilities such as bookstores.[18]

Types

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There are roughly three types of temples based on location. The flatland type (평지가람형) is usually located in the capital and have majestic buildings over a large area. Wondang (원당; 願堂; lit. 'wish house') or national temples of the royal court fall into this category and have a great influence on the popularization of Buddhism because of the convenience of transportation. The mountain land type (산지가람형) is designed to be suitable for practicing asceticism and is based on the influence of Seon Buddhism and feng shui that came into the late Silla period. Most temples in Korea are of this type due to philosophical reasons: mountain worship, protecting the country, and anti-secularism. The grotto type (석굴가람형) functions as a place of prayer.[8]

Typical layout

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A typical Korean temple consists of the following elements:[19]

  • Iljumun (일주문; 一柱門; lit. 'one-pillar gate'): First gate of the temple. Its name originated from the pillars being in one line.[20]
  • Sacheonwangmun (사천왕문; 四天王門): Also called Cheonwangmun. Second gate of the temple. It is constructed to protect the temple and make visitors have the idea that all evil spirits have been eliminated by the Four Heavenly Kings.[21]
  • Burimun (불이문; 不二門): Last of the three gates leading to the temple. It means that truth is not two. In some temples, a pavilion is built after sacheonwangmun to replace the gate.[22]
  • Gangdang (강당; 講堂): Building used for lectures and sermons.[23]
  • Seungdang (승당; 僧堂): Building where monks live and practice asceticism.[27]
  • Jonggak (종각; 鐘閣) – bell tower
  • Nahanjeon (나한전; 羅漢殿): Also called eungjinjeon (응진전; 應眞殿). Building enshrining Buddha and 16 Arhats.[28]
  • Hermitage (암자; 庵子)
Iljumun of Naesosa
Cheongwangmun of Beomeosa
Daeungjeon of Jeungsimsa
Gwaneumjeon of Tongdosa
Samseonggak of Buseoksa
Typical layout

Temples in North Korea

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As of 2004, there are 64 temples in North Korea.[31] Many of them are preserved primarily as cultural relics rather than active religious centers.[32] Many temples were destroyed in the Korean War and some of them such as Sogwangsa have been rebuilt.[33]

Yongmyongsa in the 1930s
Singyesa in the 1930s
Sogwangsa in the 1930s
Mahayon Hermitage in the 1930s
Pictures taken in the 1930s

Temples in South Korea

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There are about 900 traditional temples (전통사찰) in South Korea, out of about 20,000 Buddhist temples in total.[34] As of 2020, Jogye Order, Taego Order, and Beophwa Order have 783, 96, and 17 traditional temples out of 968, respectively. Region-wise, North Gyeongsang, North Jeolla, and Gyeonggi have 178, 118, 104 traditional temples respectively.[35] Jeondeungsa built in 381 is the oldest extant temple in South Korea.[36]

Multiple temples are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site: Janggyeong Panjeon of Haeinsa,[37] Seokguram and Bulguksa,[38] Hwangnyongsa and Bunhwangsa as part of Gyeongju Historic Areas,[39] Jeongnimsa and Mireuksa as part of Baekje Historic Areas,[40] and Tongdosa, Buseoksa, Bongjeongsa, Beopjusa, Magoksa, Seonamsa, and Daeheungsa as Sansa.[41]

Three Jewels Temples, a term made in mid Joseon,[42] refers to Tongdosa, Haeinsa, and Songgwangsa. They each represent Buddha, his teachings, and his followers, the Three Jewels of Buddhism.[43]

Tongdosa
Haeinsa
Songgwangsa
Three Jewels Temples

List of notable temples in both Koreas

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The following list is sorted by Romanized names, but it also can be sorted by Korean names, by provinces (SK=South Korea, NK=North Korea), or by counties (i.e. gun or si). "×" indicates temples that no longer exist and "?" indicates disputed or unknown information. A star in the first column denotes the 31 head temples designated during the Japanese colonial period.[44]

* Temple Hangeul Hanja Province County Founded Ref.
Anguksa안국사安國寺NK South PyonganPyongsong-si503
Anhwasa×안화사安和寺NK North HwanghaeKaesong-si930
*Baegyangsa백양사白羊寺SK South JeollaJangseong-gun632
Baekdamsa백담사百潭寺SK GangwonInje-gun650 circa
Baengnyulsa백률사栢栗寺SK North GyeongsangGyeongju-si692
Baengnyeonsa백련사白蓮寺SK South JeollaGangjin-gun650 circa
*Beomeosa범어사梵魚寺SK BusanGeumjeong District678
Beophwasa [ko]×법화사法華寺SK JejuSeogwipo-si5~7C? [45]
*Beopjusa법주사法住寺SK North ChungcheongBoeun-gun553
Bogyeongsa [ko]보경사寶鏡寺SK North GyeongsangPohang-si602 [46]
Bomunsa [ko]보문사普門寺SK IncheonGanghwa-gun635 [47]
*Bongeunsa봉은사奉恩寺SK SeoulGangnam-gu794
Bongjeongsa봉정사鳳停寺SK North GyeongsangAndong-si672
Bongnyeongsa봉녕사奉寧寺SK GyeonggiSuwon-si1208 [48]
*Bongseonsa봉선사奉先寺SK GyeonggiNamyangju-si969
Bongwonsa봉원사奉元寺SK SeoulSeodaemun-gu889
*Boseoksa보석사寶石寺SK South ChungcheongGeumsan-gun885
Bulguksa and Seokguram불국사佛國寺SK North GyeongsangGyeongju-si528 and 751
Buseoksa부석사浮石寺SK North GyeongsangYeongju-si676
Chahyesa [ko]자혜사慈惠寺NK South HwanghaeSinchon Countyearly Goryeo [49]
Cheongpyeongsa청평사淸平寺SK GangwonChuncheon-si973 [50]
Chongrungsa×정릉사定陵寺NK PyongyangRyokpo-guyok426
Chonjusa천주사天柱寺NK North PyonganYongbyon-gun1684
*Daeheungsa대흥사大興寺SK South JeollaHaenam-gun514?
*Donghwasa동화사桐華寺SK DaeguDong-gu493 and 832
Doseonsa도선사道詵寺SK SeoulGangbuk-gu862
*Eunhaesa은해사銀海寺SK North GyeongsangYeongcheon809
*Geonbongsa건봉사乾鳳寺SK GangwonGoseong-gun520
Geumdangsa금당사金塘寺SK North JeollaJinan-gun814
Geumsansa금산사金山寺SK North JeollaGimje-si600 and 770
Geumtapsa금탑사金塔寺SK South JeollaGoheung-gun650 circa
*Gimnyongsa [ko]김룡사金龍寺SK North GyeongsangMungyeong588 [51]
*Girimsa기림사祇林寺SK North GyeongsangGyeongju-si643
*Gounsa고운사孤雲寺SK North GyeongsangUiseong-gun681
Guinsa구인사救仁寺SK North ChungcheongDanyang-gun1945
Guryongsa [ko]구룡사龜龍寺SK GangwonWonju668 [52]
Gwaneumsa (Seoul)관음사觀音寺SK SeoulGwanak-gu895
Gwaneumsa (Jeju City)SK JejuJeju City?
Gyeongguksa경국사慶國寺SK SeoulSeongbuk-gu1325
*Haeinsa해인사海印寺SK South GyeongsangHapcheon-gun802
Hangnimsa×학림사鶴林寺NK South HwanghaeChangyon-gunSilla [53]
Hungwangsa [ko]×흥왕사興王寺NK North HwanghaeKaepung-gun1067 [54]
*Hwaeomsa화엄사華嚴寺SK South JeollaGurye-gun544
Hwangnyongsa×황룡사皇龍寺SK North GyeongsangGyeongju-si553
Hwasong Ssanggyesa화성쌍계사化成雙磎寺NK North HamgyongMyonggan-gun1395 [55]
Hyonam 현암 縣庵 NK South Hwanghae Chaeryong-gun ? [56]
Jajaeam [ko]자재암自在庵SK GyeonggiDongducheon654 [57]
Jangansa× 장안사 長安寺 NK Kangwon Kumgang-gun 551
*Jeondeungsa전등사傳燈寺SK IncheonGanghwa-gun381
Jeongyangsa 정양사 正陽寺 NK Kangwon Kumgang-gun 600
Jeungsimsa [ko]증심사証心寺SK GwangjuDong District860 [58]
Jikjisa직지사直指寺SK North GyeongsangGimcheon-si418
Jingwansa [ko]진관사津寬寺SK SeoulEunpyeong-guGoryeo [59]
Jogyesa조계사曹溪寺SK SeoulJongno-gu1395 & 1910
Jonggwangsa 정광사 定光寺 NK South Hamgyong Riwon-gun 838 [60]
Jongjinsa 정진사 淨進寺 NK South Pyongan Songchon County ? [61]
Junghungsa 중흥사 重興寺 NK Ryanggang Samsu-gun 1570 [62]
Kaesimsa개심사開心寺NK North HamgyongMyongchon-gun826 and 1377
Kaewonsa개원사開元寺NK North PyonganChongju? [63]
Kangsosa강서사江西寺NK South HwanghaePaechon-gun? [64]
Kumgwangsa [ko]금광사金光寺NK North PyonganUiju-gun? [65]
Kwangbopsa광법사廣法寺NK PyongyangTaesong-guyokGoryeo
Kwangjesa광제사光濟寺NK South HamgyongPukchong-gun1467 [66]
Kwanumsa관음사觀音寺NK North HwanghaeKaesong-si970 and 1393
Kwijinsa귀진사歸眞寺NK North HwanghaeSohung-gunmid 12C [67]
*Kwijusa×귀주사歸州寺NK South HamgyongHamhung-siGoryeo
*Magoksa마곡사麻谷寺SK South ChungcheongGongju-si640
Mahayonsa×마하연사摩訶衍寺NK KangwonKumgang-gun661
Mihwangsa미황사美黃寺SK South JeollaHaenam-gun749
Mireuksa미륵사彌勒寺SK North JeollaIksan-si602
Myongjoksa명적사明寂寺NK KangwonWonsan-siSilla [68]
Naesosa내소사SK North JeollaBuan-gun633
Nakgasa [ko] 낙가사 洛伽寺 SK Gangwon Gangneung-si Goryeo [69]
Naksansa낙산사洛山寺SK GangwonYangyang-gun671
Oseam오세암五歲庵SK GangwonInje643
*Paeyopsa [ko]패엽사貝葉寺NK South HwanghaeSinchon CountySilla [70]
Pagyesa파계사把溪寺SK DaeguDong-gu804
Pobunam [ko]법운암法雲庵NK PyongyangMangyongdae-guyokGoguryeo [71]
Podok Hermitage보덕암普德庵NK KangwonKumgang-gunmid 6C
*Pohyonsa보현사普賢寺NK North PyonganHyangsan-gun1025 circa
Pohyonsa (Anbyon) NK Kangwon Anbyŏn-gun 737 [72]
*Pophungsa [ko]법흥사法興寺NK South PyonganPyongwon-gun? [73]
Powolsa보월사寶月寺NK North PyonganKujang-gun975 [74]
Pulilsa×불일사佛日寺NK KaesongPanmun-gun951 [75]
Puljiam불지암佛池庵NK KangwonKumgang-gunSilla [76]
Pyohunsa표훈사表訓寺NK KangwonKumgang-gun670
Ryangchonsa량천사梁泉寺NK South HamgyongKowon-gun753?
Ryonghungsa룡흥사龍興寺NK South HamgyongYonggwang-gun1048
Ryonghwasa룡화사龍華寺NK PyongyangMoranbong-guyok1920s [77]
Ryongtongsa령통사靈通寺NK North HwanghaeKaepung-gun1027
Samhwasa삼화사三和寺SK GangwonDonghae-siUnified Silla
Sangwonam상원암上元庵NK North PyonganHyangsan-gunGoryeo [78]
*Seonamsa선암사仙巖寺SK South JeollaSuncheon-si875
Seonunsa선운사禪雲寺SK North JeollaGochang-gun577
Silleuksa신륵사神勒寺SK GyeonggiYeoju-si580
Silsangsa실상사實相寺SK North JeollaNamwon-si828
Simwonsa (Pakchon) 심원사 深源寺 NK North Pyongan Pakchon County 9C
Simwonsa (Yontan)心源寺NK North HwanghaeYŏntan-gunSilla
Singwangsa신광사神光寺NK South HwanghaeHaeju-si? [79]
Singyesa신계사神溪寺NK KangwonKosong-gun519
Sinheungsa신흥사神興寺SK GangwonSokcho-si650 circa
*Sogwangsa×석왕사釋王寺NK KangwonAnbyon-gun1386
*Songbulsa성불사成佛寺NK North HwanghaeSariwon-si898
*Songgwangsa송광사松廣寺SK South JeollaSuncheon-si867 and 1190
Sounsa서운사棲雲寺NK North PyonganNyongbyon County1345 [80]
Ssanggyesa쌍계사雙磎寺SK South GyeongsangHadong-gun772
Sudeoksa수덕사修德寺SK South ChungcheongYesan-gun1308
Tapsa탑사塔寺SK North JeollaJinan-gun1885
Tongdoksa동덕사東德寺NK South HamgyongTanchon-siGoryeo [81]
*Tongdosa통도사通度寺SK South GyeongsangYangsan-si646
Unjusa운주사雲住寺SK South JeollaHwasun-gunUnified Silla
*Wibongsa [ko]위봉사威鳳寺SK North JeollaWanju County604 [82]
*Woljeongsa월정사月精寺SK GangwonPyeongchang-gun643
Woljongsa (Anak)NK South HwanghaeAnak-gun846
Wonmyongsa원명사圓明寺NK North HwanghaeKumchon CountyGoryeo [83]
Yanghwasa양화사陽和寺NK North PyonganTaechon-gun872 [84]
Yeonghwasa [ko]영화사永華寺SK SeoulGwangjin District672 [85]
Yeonjuam [ko]연주암戀主庵SK GyeonggiGwacheon677 [86]
*Yongjusa용주사龍珠寺SK GyeonggiHwaseong-si854
*Yongmyongsa×영명사永明寺NK PyongyangMoranbong-guyok392
*Yujomsa×유점사楡岾寺NK KangwonKumgang-gun550 circa and 1168

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 "불교 최초의 사찰은". Beopbo Sinmun. 2008-05-26.
  2. ↑ Jang, Yeong-seop (2015-11-05). "'사'는 절의 일반 명칭…'암'은 큰 절에 딸린 작은 절". Bulgyo Sinmun.
  3. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 19–22.
  4. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 45–46.
  5. ↑ "(3) 백제불교의 일본 전파". Uriyeoksanet. National Institute of Korean History.
  6. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 46–47.
  7. ↑ Cho, Gyeong-cheol (2007-10-27). "41. 한국의 불교수용". Bulgyo Sinmun.
  8. 1 2 Jeong, Byeong-jo (1995). "절". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  9. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 48–49.
  10. ↑ "사원 건축(목조)". Uriyeoksanet. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
  11. ↑ Choi, Yeon-sik. "승정 제도의 정비". Uriyeoksanet. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
  12. ↑ Seo, Ji-eun; Hong, Seung-jae (2004). "고려시대 사찰 주불전의 건축 특성 연구" [A Study on the Architectural Characteristics of main Buddhist sanctum in Koryeo Period]. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea (in Korean). 20 (12): 179–180 – via DBpia.
  13. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 91–95.
  14. ↑ Kim, Yong-tae. "억불 정책과 폐불". Uriyeoksanet. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
  15. ↑ Yoo, Seok-jae (2023-07-27). "[뉴스 속의 한국사] 임란 이후 커진 불교… 높이 22.7m 팔상전도 지었죠". Chosun Ilbo.
  16. ↑ Kim (2004a), pp. 135–137.
  17. ↑ Kim, Hyeong-gyu (2004-08-10). "6·25특별기획 한국전쟁과 불교-불교문화재 파괴와 사회문화변동". Beopbo Sinmun.
  18. ↑ Heo, Jeong-cheol (2004-02-28). "[기획]현대사찰건축 이렇게 변하고 있다". Bulgyo Sinmun.
  19. ↑ Grayson, James Huntley (2002). Korea: a religious history. Psychology Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7007-1605-0.
  20. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "일주문". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  21. ↑ Choi, Seon-a (2023). "사천왕문". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  22. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "불이문". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  23. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "강당". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  24. ↑ Kim, Seon-geun (1995). "법당". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  25. ↑ Kim, Wang-jik (2012). "금당". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  26. ↑ "대웅전". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 1995.
  27. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "승당". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  28. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "나한전". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  29. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "산신각". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  30. ↑ Park, Sang-guk (1995). "삼성각". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  31. ↑ Lee, Ji-beom (2012-04-13). "오늘날 북한불교의 현황". Bulgyodotcom.
  32. ↑ "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices". US Department of State. March 4, 2002.
  33. ↑ "6.25 폭격에 소실됐던 석왕사…북한 복원 준공". Chosun Ilbo. 2019-12-13.
  34. ↑ Cin Woo Lee (10 January 2020). "33 of South Korea's most beautiful temples". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  35. ↑ Kwon, O-yeong (2021-01-18). "종단별 전통사찰 수". Beopbo Sinmun.
  36. ↑ Hong, Jin-ho (2024-03-08). "강화 전등사는 가장 오랜 역사 담은 민족의 터전". BBS.
  37. ↑ "Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks". UNESCO. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  38. ↑ "Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple". UNESCO. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  39. ↑ "Gyeongju Historic Areas". UNESCO. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  40. ↑ "Baekje Historic Areas". UNESCO. Retrieved 2026-04-24.
  41. ↑ "Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea". UNESCO. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  42. ↑ Jeong, Byeong-jo (1995). "삼보사찰". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  43. ↑ "삼보사찰". Doopedia. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  44. ↑ "31본산". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 2022.
  45. ↑ Park, Yong-jin (2024). "법화사지". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  46. ↑ Ok, Na-yeong (2023). "내연산 보경사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  47. ↑ Choi, Seon-a (2023). "낙가산 보문사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  48. ↑ Lee, Ji-su (1995). "광교산 봉녕사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  49. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "청양산 자혜사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  50. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "오봉산 청평사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  51. ↑ Choi, Seon-a (2023). "운달산 김룡사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  52. ↑ "치악산 구룡사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 2022.
  53. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "괴림산 학림사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  54. ↑ Jeong, Byeong-jo (1995). "덕적산 흥왕사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  55. ↑ Kim, In-ho (2012). "화성 쌍계사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  56. ↑ Kang, Ho-seon (2016). "장수산 현암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  57. ↑ Jeong, Byeong-jo (1995). "소요산 자재암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  58. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "무등산 증심사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  59. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "북한산 진관사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  60. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "대덕산 정광사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  61. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "향풍산 정진사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  62. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "성거산 중흥사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  63. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "지령산 개원사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  64. ↑ Yang, Hye-won (2023). "운달산 강서사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  65. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "석숭산 금광사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  66. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "대덕산 광제사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  67. ↑ Hwang, In-gyu (2023). "숭덕산 귀진사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  68. ↑ Kim, In-ho (2012). "명적사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  69. ↑ Shin, Seon-hye (2023). "괘방산 낙가사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  70. ↑ Jeong, Byeong-jo (1995). "구월산 패엽사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  71. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "용악산 법운암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  72. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "황룡산 보현사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  73. ↑ Chae, In-hwan (1995). "법홍산 법흥사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  74. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "묘향산 보월사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  75. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "보봉산 불일사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  76. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "금강산 불지암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
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  78. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "묘향산 상원암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  79. ↑ Hwang, In-gyu (2023). "북숭산 신광사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
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  81. ↑ Kim, In-ho (2021). "동덕사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  82. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "추줄산 위봉사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  83. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "대둔산 원명사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  84. ↑ Lee, Jeong (1995). "양화산 양화사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  85. ↑ Lee, Ji-su (1995). "아차산 영화사". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  86. ↑ Kim, Wi-seok (1995). "관악산 연주암". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.

Cited books

[edit]
  • Kim, Bong-ryeol (2004a). 불교건축 [Buddhist architecture] (in Korean). Sol. ISBN 9788981337162.
Architecture
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