From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia.It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. | |
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
| Consonants
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| Hindi
|
Urdu
|
ISO 15919
|
| b
|
बीस
|
بیس
|
bīs
|
cabbie
|
| bʱ
|
भालू
|
بھالو
|
bhālū
|
clubhouse
|
| d̪[1]
|
दाल
|
دال
|
dāl
|
width, Spanish andar
|
| d̪ʱ[1]
|
धूप
|
دھوپ
|
dhūp
|
adhere (but dental)
|
| dʒ
|
जान
|
جان
|
jān
|
budging
|
| dʒʱ
|
झड़ना
|
جھڑنا
|
jhaṛnā
|
hedgehog
|
| ɖ[1]
|
डालना
|
ڈالنا
|
ḍālnā
|
American bird
|
| ɖʱ[1]
|
ढक्कन
|
ڈھکّن
|
ḍhakkan
|
American birdhouse
|
| f[2]
|
ख़िलाफ़
|
خلاف
|
k͟hilāf
|
fuss
|
| ɡ
|
गोल
|
گول
|
gol
|
ago
|
| ɡʱ
|
घर
|
گھر
|
ghar
|
loghouse
|
| ʔ[3]
|
ऐतबार, एतबार
|
اِعْتِبار
|
iʻtibār[a]
|
The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
|
| ɣ[2]
|
बाग़
|
باغ
|
bāġ
|
Similar to the French R
|
| ɦ
|
हम
|
ہم
|
ham
|
ahead
|
| हुक्म
|
حکم
|
h̤ukm
|
| j
|
याद
|
یاد
|
yād
|
yuck
|
| k
|
कमज़ोर
|
کمزور
|
kamzor
|
scab
|
| kʰ
|
खाल
|
کھال
|
khāl
|
cab
|
| l
|
लब
|
لب
|
lab
|
leaf
|
| m
|
मगर
|
مگر
|
magar
|
much
|
| n
|
नहीं
|
نہیں
|
nahī̃
|
panther
|
| ɳ[5]
|
किरण
|
کرن
|
kiraṇ
|
American burn
|
| ŋ
|
रंग
|
رن٘گ
|
raṅg
|
bang
|
| p
|
पल
|
پل
|
pal
|
spot
|
| pʰ
|
फल
|
پھل
|
phal
|
pot
|
| q[2]
|
क़रीब
|
قریب
|
qarīb
|
somewhat like caught
|
| r[6]
|
रस
|
رس
|
ras
|
Trilled ring
|
| ज़र्रा
|
ذرّہ
|
zarra
|
| ɾ[6]
|
ज़रा
|
ذرا
|
zarā
|
American atom
|
| ɽ
|
लड़ना
|
لڑنا
|
laṛnā
|
American garter
|
| ɽʱ
|
पढ़ाई
|
پڑھائی
|
paṛhāī
|
no English equivalent, a cross between a voiced retroflex flap and a breathy voiced retroflex plosive.
|
| s
|
सब
|
سب
|
sab
|
sun
|
| ʂ[5]
|
नष्ट
|
نشٹ
|
naṣṭ
|
American worship
|
| ʃ
|
काश
|
کاش
|
kāś
|
shoe
|
| t̪[1]
|
तालाब
|
تالاب
|
tālāb
|
similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
|
| लतीफ़ा
|
لطیفہ
|
lat̤īfa
|
| t̪ʰ[1]
|
थैला
|
تھیلا
|
thailā
|
Indian English path, birth
|
| t͡ʃ
|
चोर
|
چور
|
cor
|
catch
|
| t͡ʃʰ
|
छोड़ना
|
چھوڑنا
|
choṛnā
|
beachhead
|
| ʈ[1]
|
टमाटर
|
ٹماٹر
|
ṭamāṭar
|
stub (but retroflex)
|
| ʈʰ[1]
|
ठंड
|
ٹھنڈ
|
ṭhanḍ
|
tub (but retroflex)
|
| ʋ[7]
|
वर्ज़िश
|
ورزش
|
varziś
|
vat
|
| w[7]
|
पकवान
|
پكوان
|
pakvān
|
well
|
| x[2]
|
ख़राब
|
خراب
|
k͟harāb
|
Scottish loch
|
| z[2]
|
काग़ज़
|
کاغذ
|
kāġaz
|
zoo
|
| ʒ[2]
|
अझ़दहा
|
اژدہا
|
aždahā
|
pleasure
|
|
| Vowels
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| Hindi
|
Urdu
|
ISO 15919
|
| aː
|
काम
|
کام
|
kām
|
father
|
| eː
|
जेब
|
جیب
|
jēb
|
say
|
| ɛ[8]
|
रहना
|
رہنا
|
rêhnā
|
pen
|
| ɛː
|
कैसा
|
کیسا
|
kaisā
|
fairy
|
| ə
|
कल
|
کَل
|
kal
|
about
|
| ɪ
|
जितना
|
جِتنا
|
jitnā
|
sit
|
| iː
|
जीतना
|
جیتنا
|
jītnā
|
seat
|
| oː
|
बोलो
|
بولو
|
bōlō
|
story
|
| ɔ[8]
|
बहुत
|
بَہُت
|
bôhôt
|
cot
|
| ɔː
|
कौन
|
کَون
|
kaun
|
off, but long
|
| ʊ
|
उन
|
اُن
|
un
|
foot
|
| uː
|
ऊन
|
اُون
|
ūn
|
cool
|
| ◌̃
|
मैं
|
مَیں
|
maiṁ
|
nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
|
| Suprasegmentals
|
| IPA
|
Example
|
Notes
|
| ˈ◌
|
[ˈbaːɦər]
|
stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
|
| ◌ː
|
[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]
|
long sound
(placed after doubled consonant and long vowel)
|
|
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like and to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English and for some speakers with th-stopping.
- ^ a b c d e f Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ], [q] and [f] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g], [k] and [pʰ] respectively.
- ^ In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
- ^ "Meaning of etibar in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ a b Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ɕ] respectively.
- ^ a b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
- ^ a b [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
- ^ a b [ɛ] and [ɔ] occur as allophones of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] and [ɔ] respectively, preceding an /ɦ/.
- ^ Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as ऐतबार or एतबार (aitbār, ētbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (ē'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[4]
|
|---|
|
| Comparisons | |
|---|
| Introductory guides | |
|---|
