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Django (web framework)

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Django
Original authorsAdrian Holovaty, Simon Willison
DeveloperDjango Software Foundation[1]
Release21 July 2005; 20 years ago (2005-07-21)[2]
Stable release
short-term support release6.0[3] Edit this on Wikidata / 3 December 2025; 7 months ago (3 December 2025)
long-term support release5.2.9 LTS[4] Edit this on Wikidata / 2 December 2025; 7 months ago (2 December 2025)
Written inPython[1]
TypeWeb framework[1]
License3-clause BSD[5]
Websitewww.djangoproject.com Edit this on Wikidata
Repository
This article is part of a series on
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Python libraries
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See also

Django (/ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ JANG-goh; sometimes stylized as django)[6] is a free and open-source, Python-based web framework that runs on a web server. It follows the model–template–views (MTV) architectural pattern.[7][8] It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established in the US as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.

Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself.[9] Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.

Some well-known sites that use Django include Instagram,[10] Mozilla,[11] Disqus,[12] Bitbucket,[13] Nextdoor,[14] and Clubhouse.[15]

History

[edit]

Django was created in the autumn of 2003, when the web programmers at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper, Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison, began using Python to build applications. Jacob Kaplan-Moss was hired early in Django's development shortly before Willison's internship ended.[16] It was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005. The framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt.[17] Holovaty is a romani jazz guitar player inspired in part by Reinhardt's music.[18]

In June 2008, it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation (DSF) would maintain Django in the future.[19]

Features

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Components

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Screenshot of the Django admin interface for modifying a user account

Despite having its own nomenclature, such as naming the callable objects generating the HTTP responses "views",[7] the core Django framework can be seen as an MVC architecture.[8] It consists of an object-relational mapper (ORM) that mediates between data models (defined as Python classes) and a relational database ("Model"), a system for processing HTTP requests with a web templating system ("View"), and a regular-expression-based URL dispatcher ("Controller").

Also included in the core framework are:

  • a lightweight and standalone web server for development and testing
  • a form serialization and validation system that can translate between HTML forms and values suitable for storage in the database
  • a template system that utilizes the concept of inheritance borrowed from object-oriented programming
  • a caching framework that can use any of several cache methods
  • support for middleware classes that can intervene at various stages of request processing and carry out custom functions
  • an internal dispatcher system that allows components of an application to communicate events to each other via pre-defined signals
  • an internationalization system, including translations of Django's own components into a variety of languages
  • a serialization system that can produce and read XML and/or JSON representations of Django model instances
  • a system for extending the capabilities of the template engine
  • an interface to Python's built-in unit test framework

Bundled applications

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The main Django distribution also bundles a number of applications in its "contrib" package, including:

Extensibility

[edit]
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Django's configuration system allows third-party code to be plugged into a regular project, provided that it follows the reusable app[22] conventions. More than 5000 packages[23] are available to extend the framework's original behavior, providing solutions to issues the original tool didn't tackle: registration, search, API provision and consumption, CMS, etc.

This extensibility is, however, mitigated by internal components' dependencies. While the Django philosophy implies loose coupling,[24] the template filters and tags assume one engine implementation, and both the auth and admin bundled applications require the use of the internal ORM. None of these filters or bundled apps are mandatory to run a Django project, but reusable apps tend to depend on them, encouraging developers to keep using the official stack in order to benefit fully from the apps ecosystem.[25]

Server arrangements

[edit]

Django can be run on ASGI or WSGI-compliant web servers.[26] Django officially supports five database backends: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, SQLite, and Oracle.[27] Microsoft SQL Server can be used with mssql-django.

Version history

[edit]


The Django team will occasionally designate certain releases to be "long-term support" (LTS) releases.[28] LTS releases will get security and data loss fixes applied for a guaranteed period of time, typically 3+ years, regardless of the pace of releases afterwards.

Version Release date[29] End of mainstream support End of extended support Notes[30]
Unsupported: 0.90[31]16 Nov 2005
Unsupported: 0.91[32]11 Jan 2006"new-admin"
Unsupported: 0.95[33]29 Jul 2006"magic removal"
Unsupported: 0.96[34]23 Mar 2007"newforms", testing tools
Unsupported: 1.0[35]3 Sep 2008API stability, decoupled admin, unicode
Unsupported: 1.1[36]29 Jul 2009Aggregates, transaction based tests
Unsupported: 1.2[37]17 May 2010Multiple db connections, CSRF, model validation
Unsupported: 1.3[38]23 Mar 201123 Mar 201226 Feb 2013Class based views, staticfiles
Unsupported: 1.4 LTS[39]23 Mar 201226 Feb 20131 Oct 2015Time zones, in browser testing, app templates.
Unsupported: 1.5[40]26 Feb 20136 Nov 20132 Sep 2014Python 3 Support, configurable user model
Unsupported: 1.6[41]6 Nov 20132 Sep 20141 Apr 2015Dedicated to Malcolm Tredinnick, db transaction management, connection pooling.
Unsupported: 1.7[42]2 Sep 20141 Apr 20151 Dec 2015Migrations, application loading and configuration.
Unsupported: 1.8 LTS[43]1 Apr 20151 Dec 20151 Apr 2018Native support for multiple template engines. Support ended on 1 April 2018
Unsupported: 1.9[44]1 Dec 20151 Aug 20164 Apr 2017Automatic password validation. New styling for admin interface.
Unsupported: 1.10[45]1 Aug 20164 Apr 20172 Dec 2017Full text search for PostgreSQL. New-style middleware.
Unsupported: 1.11 LTS[46]4 Apr 20172 Dec 20171 Apr 2020Last version to support Python 2.7. Support ended on 1 April 2020
Unsupported: 2.0[47]2 Dec 20171 Aug 20181 Apr 2019First Python 3-only release, Simplified URL routing syntax, Mobile friendly admin.
Unsupported: 2.1[48]1 Aug 20181 Apr 20192 Dec 2019Model "view" permission.
Unsupported: 2.2 LTS[49]1 Apr 20192 Dec 201911 Apr 2022Security release.
Unsupported: 3.0[50]2 Dec 20193 Aug 20206 Apr 2020ASGI support
Unsupported: 3.1[51]4 Aug 20206 Apr 20207 Dec 2021Asynchronous views and middleware
Unsupported: 3.2 LTS[52]6 Apr 20217 Dec 2021April 2024Tracking many to many relationships, added support for Python 3.11
Unsupported: 4.0[53]7 Dec 20213 Aug 2022April 2023Support for pytz is now deprecated and will be removed in Django 5.0.
Unsupported: 4.1[54]3 Aug 2022April 2023December 2023Asynchronous ORM interface, CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED setting, outputting a form, like {{ form }}
Unsupported: 4.2 LTS[55]3 Apr 20234 Dec 2023Apr 2026Psycopg 3 support, ENGINE as django.db.backends.postgresql supports both libraries.
Unsupported: 5.0[56]4 Dec 20237 Aug 20242 Apr 2025Facet filters in the admin, Simplified templates for form field rendering
Unsupported: 5.1[57]7 Aug 20242 Apr 2025Dec 2025Added support for Python 3.13. Added support for PostgreSQL connection pools.
Supported: 5.2 LTS[58]2 Apr 2025Dec 2025Apr 2028Automatic model import in shell, support for composite primary keys
Latest version: 6.0[59][60]3 Dec 2025August 2026April 2027Content Security Policy (CSP) built-in support, template partials, background tasks, Python 3.14 support.
Preview version: 6.15 Aug 2026Model field fetch modes, database-level on_delete, MAILERS setting (multiple email backends)
Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
Preview version
Future version

Community

[edit]

DjangoCon

[edit]
This section contains an excessive amount of intricate detail. Please help improve it by spinning off or relocating relevant information and removing excessive detail that goes against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (February 2026) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

There is a semiannual conference for Django developers and users, named "DjangoCon", that has been held since September 2008. DjangoCon is held annually in Europe, in May or June;[61] while another is held in the United States in August or September, in various cities.[62]

United States

[edit]

The 2012 DjangoCon took place in Washington, D.C., from September 3 to 8.

2013 DjangoCon was held in Chicago at the Hyatt Regency Hotel and the post-conference Sprints were hosted at Digital Bootcamp, computer training center.[63]

The 2014 DjangoCon US returned to Portland, OR from August 30 to 6 September.

The 2015 DjangoCon US was held in Austin, TX from September 6 to 11 at the AT&T Executive Center.

The 2016 DjangoCon US was held in Philadelphia, PA at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania from July 17 to 22.[64]

The 2017 DjangoCon US was held in Spokane, WA;[65] in 2018 DjangoCon US was held in San Diego, CA.[66] DjangoCon US 2019 was held again in San Diego, CA from September 22 to 27.

DjangoCon 2021 took place virtually and in 2022, DjangoCon US returned to San Diego from October 16 to 21. DjangoCon US 2023 was held from October 16 to 20 at the Durham, NC convention center and DjangoCon US 2024 took place also in Durham in September 22 to 27.[67][68]

DjangoCon US 2025 was held from September 8 to 12 in Chicago, Illinois.[69]

Europe

[edit]
Year Title Country City Date Sprints Venue type
2009 EuroDjangoCon 2009[70] Czechia Prague May 4-6 May 7-8
2010 DjangoCon Europe 2010[71] Germany Berlin May 24-26 May 27-28
2011 DjangoCon Europe 2011[72] Netherlands Amsterdam June 6-8 June 9-10
2012 DjangoCon Europe 2012[73] Switzerland Zurich June 4-6 June 7-8
2013 DjangoCon Europe 2013 Poland Warsaw May 15-17 May 18-19 Circus tent
2014 DjangoCon Europe 2014 France Toulon, Île des Embiez May 13-15 May 16-17 Island
2015 DjangoCon Europe 2015[74] Wales Cardiff June 1-3 (+May 31 as intro day) June 4-5 City Hall
2016 DjangoCon Europe 2016[75] Hungary Budapest March 30-April 1 April 2-3 Music Center
2017 DjangoCon Europe 2017 Italy Florence April 3-5 April 6-7 Cinema
2018 DjangoCon Europe 2018[76] Germany Heidelberg May 23-25 May 26-27 City Hall
2019 DjangoCon Europe 2019[77] Denmark Copenhagen April 10-12 April 13-14 Circus school
2020 DjangoCon Europe 2020[78] Portugal (virtual) - September 18-19 Virtual
2021 DjangoCon Europe 2021[79] Portugal (virtual) - June 2-4 June 5-6 Virtual
2022 DjangoCon Europe 2022[80] Portugal Porto September 21-23 September 24-25 Conference center
2023 DjangoCon Europe 2023[81] Scotland Edinburgh May 29-May 31 June 1-2 Conference center
2024 DjangoCon Europe 2024[82] Spain Vigo June 5-7 June 8-9 Conference center
2025 DjangoCon Europe 2025[83] Ireland Dublin April 23-25 April 26-27 Hotel
2026 DjangoCon Europe 2026[84] Greece Athens April 15-17 April 18-19 Music Conservatory
2027 Unannounced - - - - -

Australia

[edit]

Django mini-conferences are usually held every year as part of the Australian Python Conference 'PyCon AU'.[85] Previously, these mini-conferences have been held in:

  • Hobart, Australia, in July 2013,
  • Brisbane, Australia, in August 2014 and 2015,
  • Melbourne, Australia in August 2016 and 2017, and
  • Sydney, Australia, in August 2018 and 2019.

Africa

[edit]

The first DjangoCon Africa was held in Zanzibar, Tanzania, from 6 to 11 November 2023.[86] The event hosted approximately 200 attendees from 22 countries, including 103 women. The conference featured 26 talks on topics such as software development, education, careers, accessibility, and agriculture, often highlighting perspectives from across the African continent. Future editions of the conference are planned, with details available on the official website

Community groups & programs

[edit]

Django has spawned user groups and meetups around the world, a notable group is the Django Girls organization, which began in Poland but now has had events in 91 countries.[87][88][89]

Another initiative is Djangonaut Space,[90] a mentorship program aimed at supporting new contributors to the Django ecosystem. The program pairs experienced mentors with developers to guide them through making meaningful contributions to Django and its community. It emphasizes long-term engagement, inclusion, and collaborative open-source development.

Ports to other languages

[edit]

Programmers have ported Django's template engine design from Python to other languages, providing decent cross-platform support. Some of these options are more direct ports; others, though inspired by Django and retaining its concepts, take the liberty to deviate from Django's design:

CMSs based on Django Framework

[edit]

Django as a framework is capable of building a complete CMS. Some dedicated CMS projects are based upon Django:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 "django/README". GitHub. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Django FAQ". Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  3. ↑ "Release 6.0". 3 December 2025. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  4. ↑ "Release 5.2.9". 2 December 2025. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  5. ↑ "django/LICENSE". GitHub. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "FAQ: General - Django documentation - Django". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  7. 1 2 "FAQ: General - Django documentation - Django". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  8. 1 2 Adrian Holovaty, Jacob Kaplan-Moss; et al. The Django Book. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Django follows this MVC pattern closely enough that it can be called an MVC framework
  9. ↑ "Design Philosophies". Django. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "What Powers Instagram: Hundreds of Instances, Dozens of Technologies". Instagram Engineering.
  11. ↑ "Python". Mozilla Developer Network. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  12. ↑ Robenolt, Matt. "Scaling Django to 8 Billion Page Views". blog.disqus.com.
  13. ↑ "DjangoSuccessStoryBitbucket – Django". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  14. ↑ "The anti-Facebook: one in four American neighborhoods are now using this private social network". The Verge. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  15. ↑ Demi, Luke (15 August 2021). "Reining in the thundering herd ⛈ Getting to 80% CPU utilization with Django". Clubhouse Blog. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  16. ↑ Willison, Simon. "What is the history of the Django web framework? Why has it been described as "developed in a newsroom"?". Quora. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  17. ↑ "Introducing Django". The Django Book. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  18. ↑ "Review: Adrian Holovaty's Playful and Precise 'Melodic Guitar Music'". Acoustic Guitar. 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023.
  19. ↑ "Announcing the Django Software Foundation - Weblog - Django". 17 June 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  20. ↑ "Security in Django". Django Project. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  21. ↑ Socol, James (2012). "Best Basic Security Practices (Especially with Django)". Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  22. ↑ "What is a reusable app? — django-reusable-app-docs 0.1.0 documentation". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  23. ↑ "Django Packages API packages list". Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  24. ↑ "Design philosophies - Django documentation - Django". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  25. ↑ "Built-in template tags and filters". djangoproject. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
  26. ↑ How to deploy Django. Official Django documentation.
  27. ↑ "Django documentation". Django documentation. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  28. ↑ "Django's release process - Django documentation - Django". Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  29. ↑ "Download Django - Django". www.djangoproject.com.
  30. ↑ "FAQ: Installation - Django documentation - Django". docs.djangoproject.com.
  31. ↑ "Introducing Django 0.90". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "Django 0.91 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  33. ↑ "Introducing Django 0.95". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  34. ↑ "Announcing Django 0.96!". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  35. ↑ "Django 1.0 released!". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  36. ↑ "Django 1.1 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "Django 1.2 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  38. ↑ "Django 1.3 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  39. ↑ "Django 1.4 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  40. ↑ "Django 1.5 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  41. ↑ "Django 1.6 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  42. ↑ "Django 1.7 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  43. ↑ "Django 1.8 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  44. ↑ "Django 1.9 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  45. ↑ "Django 1.10 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  46. ↑ "Django 1.11 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  47. ↑ "Django 2.0 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  48. ↑ "Django 2.1 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  49. ↑ Django 2.2 release notes. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  50. ↑ Django 3.0 release notes. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  51. ↑ Django 3.1 release notes. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  52. ↑ "Django 3.2 release notes". 6 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  53. ↑ "Django 4.0 release notes". 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  54. ↑ "Django 4.1 release notes". 3 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  55. ↑ "Django 4.2 release notes". Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  56. ↑ "Django 5.0 release notes". 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  57. ↑ "Django 5.1 release notes". 7 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  58. ↑ "Django 5.2 release notes". 2 April 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  59. ↑ "Django 6.0 Roadmap". December 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  60. ↑ "Django 6.0 release notes". Django Project. 3 December 2025. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  61. ↑ DjangoCon EU series Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Lanyrd.com
  62. ↑ DjangoCon US series Archived 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Lanyrd.com
  63. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  64. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  65. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon.
  66. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon.
  67. ↑ "About DjangoCon US 2023". DjangoCon US. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  68. ↑ "About DjangoCon US". DjangoCon US. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  69. ↑ US, DjangoCon (9 July 2025). "DjangoCon US 2025". DjangoCon US. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  70. ↑ Kaplan-Moss, Jacob. "EuroDjangoCon 2009". Django. Django Software Foundation. Retrieved 30 June 2026.
  71. ↑ Zapke-Gründemann, Markus. "DjangoCon Europe, 24. - 26.5.2010 in Berlin". Google Groups. Retrieved 30 June 2026.
  72. ↑ Keith-Magee, Russell. "DjangoCon Europe 2011 announced". Django. Django Software Foundation. Retrieved 30 June 2026.
  73. ↑ "Home - 2012.djangocon.eu". 2012.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  74. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2015 in Cardiff, Wales". 2015.djangocon.eu. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  75. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2016". 2016.djangocon.eu. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  76. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2018". 2018.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  77. ↑ "Join us in Copenhagen April 10-14th 🚲 • DjangoCon Europe 2019". 2019.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  78. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2020". 2020.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  79. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2021". 2021.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  80. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2022". 2022.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  81. ↑ Europe, DjangoCon. "DjangoCon EU 2023 • May 29th - June 2nd 2023 • Edinburgh, Scotland". DjangoCon Europe. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  82. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2024". 2024.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  83. ↑ "DjangoCon Europe 2025". 2025.djangocon.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  84. ↑ DjangoCon Europe 2026 https://2026.djangocon.eu/. Retrieved 30 June 2026. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  85. ↑ DjangoCon AU. Djangocon.com.au. Retrieved on 2019-12-16.
  86. ↑ "DjangoCon Africa 2025". 2025.djangocon.africa. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  87. ↑ "Lawrence-born Django, which revolutionized website construction, celebrating its 10th anniversary". Lawrence Journal-World. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  88. ↑ "Django Girls - start your journey with programming". Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  89. ↑ "Django groups". Meetup.
  90. ↑ "Djangonaut Space - Where contributors launch!". djangonaut.space. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  91. ↑ Shopify. "– Liquid template language". Liquid template language.
  92. ↑ "Template::Swig - Perl interface to Django-inspired Swig templating engine. - metacpan.org". metacpan.org.
  93. ↑ Symfony. "Home - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". twig.sensiolabs.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  94. ↑ "twigjs/twig.js". GitHub.
  95. ↑ "Welcome - Jinja2 (The Python Template Engine)". jinja.pocoo.org.
  96. ↑ "erlydtl/erlydtl". GitHub.
  97. ↑ "django CMS - Enterprise Content Management with Django - django CMS". www.django-cms.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

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