At a ceremony in Tokyo, Japan formally recognized Francisco Franco as the leader of Spain, in return for the Franco government's recognition of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in China as a legitimate nation. Franco also agreed to add Spain to the Anti-Comintern Pact, created by Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1936, against Communist International.[2]
Before Nanjing's Mayor Ma Chaochun left the capital, he ordered all civilian residents to relocate to the demilitarized Nanking Safety Zone.
Nationalist Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek agreed to peace with Japan on the conditions that had been proposed by the German Ambassador to China, Oskar Trautmann on November 5. By then, however, Japan, which had warned that it would only allow a limited time to join in the proposed settlement terms, declined Chiang's offer.[12] On December 7, when German Ambassador Herbert von Dirksen told Japan's Foreign Minister Kōki Hirota about Chiang's willingness to make peace, provided that China would not lose any more territory, Japan rejected the chance to keep Shanghai and other territories.[13]
The German stop motion film Die 7 Raben (The Seven Ravens), one of the first animated feature films, premiered in Germany after being released by the Puppentrickfilm studios.[17] Based on the fairy tale of the same name by the Brothers Grimm, the film came to cinemas less than three weeks before Disney's film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released.
Bobby Allison, American NASCAR stock car driver and team owner, winner of the Daytona 500 in 1978, 1982 and 1988, inductee to the NASCAR Hall of Fame; in Miami (d. 2024)[24]
Nazi Germany tested its third rocket design, the Aggregat 3 as part of "Operation Lighthouse" supervised by designers Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, launching from the Baltic Sea island of Usedom near Peenemünde. Soon after takeoff, the Aggregat 3 rocket's parachute deployed prematurely and its engine failed, and the rocket crashed, and the second test on December 6 failed as well.[26]
The children's comic book The Dandy, which would run for 75 years before going out of print[27] was first published in the United Kingdom, marking the first appearance of the character of Desperate Dan.[28]
Writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster signed an employment contract with Detective Comics, Inc. (now "DC"), at a pay rate of $10 per page, where they would soon bring their creation, "Superman", to print. Three months later, on March 1, 1938, they would release their rights to DC for one of the most successful fictional characters in history.[29]
In Baku, capital of the Azerbaijani SSR of the Soviet Union, Shakespearean actor Abbas Mirza Sharifzadeh was arrested by secret police after returning home from his final performance, a production of the play Macbeth. Sharifzadeh was one of many artists caught in the Great Purge throughout the Soviet Union, and was accused of espionage. He would be executed eleven months later on November 16, 1938, at a prison in Baku.[30]
Valentin Kuptsov, Soviet Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Russian SFSR Communist Party before the dissolution of the Soviet Union; in Mindyukino
Elín Briem, 81, Icelandic writer and teacher known for her popular book Kvennafræðarinn (The Women's Teacher) as a guide to housekeeping and cooking[34]
The General Labour Confederation of Belgium (Flemish, Belgisch Vakverbond; French, Confédération Générale du Travail de Belgique) was created from an agreement between 26 labor unions, including the 121,000-member General Union (construction and factory workers), the 116,000-member Union of the Belgian Metal Industry and more than 300,000 members from other occupations, becoming the largest trade union federation in the kingdom.[37] In 1945, the General Confederation would merge with two other labor unions to form the General Labour Federation of Belgium.[37]
Died:Gustave Verbeek, 70, American cartoonist, known for the comic strip The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo, which had two different stories depending on which way the panels were viewed.[43]
Italy inaugurated the first train service to exceed 200 kilometers per hour, with its FS Class ETR 200, setting a world record by averaging 201 kilometres per hour (125mph) from Campoleone to Nettunia on its Bologna-Rome-Naples express route.[44]
The U.S. Supreme Court decided Breedlove v. Suttles, unanimously upholding the constitutionality of the poll tax, used to discourage voter registration as not being a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The suit had been brought by Nolan Breedlove, a white resident of the U.S. state of Georgia.[45] The state would abolish its poll tax in 1945, and poll taxes in all other states would be barred with the ratification in 1966 of the 24th Amendment.[46]
The Court also decided, by a 5 to 4 decision, James v. Dravo Contracting Co., determining that in some instances, an individual American state could tax the U.S. government, marking the first departure from previous decisions that held taxation by the states on the federal government to be a violation of the "Supremacy Clause" in Article Six of the Constitution, and introducing the "legal incidence test" for tax cases.[47]
Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorian footballer who played for both the Ecuadorian national team (11 caps) and the Uruguayan national team (5 caps); in Ancón (d. 2006)[49]
Died:Francis Cadell, 54, Scottish painter, died from cancer. Lindsay McIntosh, "Colourful life of Scottish national treasure", The Times (London) October 20, 2011[52]
Turkey renounced its May 1926 Treaty of Friendship with the French Mandate of Syria and threatened war over jurisdiction of the former Sanjak of Alexandretta, part of the Aleppo Province, which had been under French control after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War One.[53] The crisis would be solved by the creation, on September 2, 1938, of the Republic of Hatay, which would then join Turkey as the Hatay Province on July 23, 1939.[54][55]
In the Italian colony of Ethiopia, the Sixth Arab-Somali Battalion of the Italian Army was completely destroyed by the nationalist guerrillas led by Mengesha Jembere.[57][58]
The Soviet Union announced the creation of the "Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans" (Blok Kommunistov i Biespartjinych), a political alliance between the Soviet Communist Party and people who were not Party members, in order to nominate candidates for all elections to the Soviet Union's December 12 election for the nation's two houses of Parliament, the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities.[59] The Bloc would continue to exist until the last Soviet Union elections in 1991.
The U.S. city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, founded on Christmas Eve of 1741, became the first American city to have a Christmas tree lighting,[60] and adopted the nickname Christmas City USA in a ceremony.[61]
With Japanese troops occupying more territory in China, the provinces of Suiyuan and Chahar in the Inner Mongolia region were declared independent as the Republic of Mengjiang by a Mongol warlord, Demchugdongrub.[70] The new nation worked to cooperate with the Japanese invaders, with Demchugdongrub signed agreements Japan and with the puppet state of Manchukuo, and set up his capital at Hebei.
At a secret meeting of the Cabinet of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, the ministers voted against the partition of the British Mandate for Palestine that had been recommended by the Peel Commission, which had proposed three plans.[71] The government then appointed the three-member Woodhead Commission (officially, the Palestine Partition Commission), led by Sir John Woodhead, to conclude that the geographic partition of Palestine could not be carried out successfully.
Eugen Weidmann was arrested by French police for murder. Weidmann shot one officer in the arm with a revolver, but the other officer managed to beat him down with a hammer.[73]
Hans Molisch, 81, Czech-born Austrian botanist known for creating Molisch's test, a chemical test for detecting carbohydrates.
Rossa Matilda Richter, 77, English aerialist and actress who was the first woman to perform the human cannonball. Billed under the stage name of "Zazel, the Beautiful Human Cannonball", she would be fired from a spring equipped cannon and fly through the air to be caught by a net.[76]
Mikhail Ostroumov, 57, Russian Orthodox bishop, venerated as a saint, was executed along with other prisoners in the Katyn forest[77]
Nazi Germany and the oil-producing Kingdom of Romania signed an economic treaty giving Germany first option to purchase Romania petroleum in order to fuel the Nazi military.[84]
Astronomer Rebecca Jones discovered the supernova SN 1937F within the galactic cluster NGC 3184, located more than 40 million light-years from Earth.[85][86]
A train crash killed 35 people in Scotland, and injured 179 others at Castlecary, after a signalman's error sent the Edinburgh—Glasgow express down the track to where the Dundee—Glasgow train was stopped at a signal. All of the dead and injured were on the Dundee train that that had been struck from behind by the Edinburgh train.[93]
Fyodor Golovin, 69, former Chairman of the State Duma during the reign of the Tsar Nicholas II, was executed on a conviction of "belonging to an anti-Soviet organization"[98]
General Vladimir Lyubimov was shot hours after being convicted in a court-martial of espionage.[99]
Italy quit the League of Nations as Premier Benito Mussolini announced the kingdom's formal withdrawal from the international body, and dared the world's democracies to declare war. After a seven-minute meeting with the Fascist Grand Council, Mussolini walked out on to a balcony at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome and delivered a speech in a heavy rain to more than 100,000 of his supporters.[101] Italy told the cheering crowd, "We are leaving a tumbling temple where there is no talk of peace, but where wars are prepared. We are not afraid of the threats of democracy, which leave us indifferent. We have many land and sea and air weapons tempered in two victorious wars.",[102]
The ocean liner President Hoover ran aground at Kasho-to off Taiwan. The 503 passengers and crew were evacuated and the ship was declared a total loss.[104]
The Toronto Argonauts edged the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 4 to 3, to win the Grey Cup, the championship of Canadian football. Toronto led, 3–1, on a field goal and a one-point rouge in the first quarter, while Winnipeg's points came on three rouges.[105]
Seraphim Chichagov, 81, Russian Orthodox bishop, was executed at the Butovo firing range, 11 days after he had been arrested by the NKVD on charges of "monarchist propaganda".[109]
Jaan Anvelt, 53, founder and former chairman of the Estonian Communists, died from injuries inflicted by his NKVD interrogator, Aleksandr Langfang. Langfang would be dismissed from the KGB in 1956, arrested and found guilty of the killing in 1957, and would serve 15 years in prison.[110]
Sargis Lukashin, 53, Chairman of the Armenian Council of People's Commissars and former First Secretary of the Armenian Communist Party, was executed six months after being arrested on charges of counterrevolutionary activity.[111]
Mamia Orakhelashvili, 56, former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia, was executed [112]
The U.S. Navy gunboat USS Panay was fired upon, bombed and sank by Japanese aircraft and shore batteries, while it was evacuating personnel from the embassy at Nanjing along the Yangtze River.[113] The attack wounded 45 servicemen, two of them fatally, and killed civilians on the Panay, and the Japanese airplanes killed numerous civilians on other ships on the Yangtze.[114]
Parliamentary elections were held in the Soviet Union[115] for the new Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, created in the 1936 Constitution to replace the former "Congress of Soviets". Voting was for candidates for all 569 seats of the lower house (the Soviet of the Union) and the 574 seats of the upper house (the Soviet of Nationalities). Although the Soviet Communist Party had initially announced that voters would have a choice of more than one candidate on the ballot, the vote was limited to the tradition of a Party-approved list of unopposed candidates in each district, with the option of crossing out the name. Although most of the candidates were members of the Communist Party, the slate of candidates included 108 for the Soviet of the Union and 165 for the Soviet of Nationalities who were not members of the only legal political party, and designated as "independents". The result was more than 89 million in favor of the candidate list, and less than 563,000 voting against.[116]
Mae West appeared on The Chase and Sanborn Hour with Edgar Bergen and performed a sexually suggestive "Adam and Eve" sketch. In one sequence, the snake in the Garden of Eden tries to squeeze through a fence as West exhorts: "Oh, shake your hips!... Yeah, you're doing all right. Get me a big one, I feel like doing a big apple." West was unofficially banned from the radio for years afterward as a result.[117]
The Battle of Nanjing ended 32 days after it began as the city's last defenders, the 67th Division of the Chinese Army, abandoned their positions at 2:00 in the morning and retreated to Xiaguan.[123][124] Two hours later, the 38th Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army scaled the Zhonghua Gate and found the city deserted. By late morning, all major gates of the walled city had been captured and Japanese troops from the 6th and 114th Divisions of the Army became the first to enter the city of the former Chinese capital.[125] Chinese estimates were 47,382 soldiers killed in the battle, while Japanese estimates were almost 2,000 killed.[126]
As Japanese troops came in, the Nanjing Massacre of more than 100,000 civilians and prisoners of war began, with troops raping and killing women and children over the next six weeks inside the city and the surrounding countryside.[127]Mukai and Noda posing for a news photo Notably, two officers from the Japanese 16th Division, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda, had a contest to become the first person to kill 100 people with a sword, with the competition being profiled in the Tokyo newspaper Nichi Shimbun and other papers covering the contest as it was a sporting event.[128] The civilian population of Nanjing, counted at 1,019,667 in March, had fallen to 150,000 by the end of the year.[129]
The patent application for the first electric toothbrush, invented by Tomlinson Moseley, and sold as the "Motodent", was filed with the U.S. Patent Office. Patent 2,196,667 would be granted on April 9, 1940.
The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NABLA) was signed in Havana in Cuba by the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti, allocating the radio broadcasting frequencies to be used by each nation, and adding the 10 AM radio frequencies in the range of 1510 to 1600 kilohertz.[130]
U.S. President Roosevelt demanded that Japan apologize for the Panay attack, render compensation and provide a guarantee that no such thing would happen again.[131]
In Rome, Pope Pius XI created five new cardinals, in his last appointments before his death, elevating the number of cardinals from 55 to 60, of whom more than half (39) were Italian.[132]
Former world heavyweight champion Max Schmeling of Germany defeated challenger Harry Thomas of the U.S. in the 8th round of a 15-round bout at Madison Square Garden in New York. Thomas would admit 13 months later that he had been paid $8,500 by gamblers to lose the fight.[133]
The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established by Japan as a puppet state with a capital at Beijing and former Chinese Finance Minister Wang Kemin (referred to in the Western press as "Wang K'e-ming") as its head of state.[136] The boundaries of the "provisional republic" consisted of the Japanese-occupied provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan and Jiangsu. Wang would serve until March 30, 1940, and be tried for treason after the liberation of China in 1945.
Local elections were held in the Philippines, marred by rioting around the country which killed three people. It was the first Philippine election in which women could vote.[137]
The Greek Operation, a mass persecution of the Soviet Greek minority, was started by Directive No. 50215 of the NKVD, signed by the secret police agency's director, Nikolai Yezhov. On December 11, Yezhov declared that "on December 15 of this year, simultaneously in all republics, territories and regions, arrests are to be made of all Greeks suspected of espionage, sabotage, rebel and nationalist anti-Soviet work," based on an NKVD investigation that concluded that Greek operatives were "actively conducting espionage, sabotage, and rebellious work in the USSR, carrying out assignments from British, German, and Japanese intelligence."[140] Over the next 13 years, Greek-language institutions were closed, mass arrests took place, and at least 15,000 were executed, with 20,000 deported to the Gulag prisons,[141] while another author would estimate the number of deaths at more than 50,000.[142]
The Battle of Teruel, a turning point in the Spanish Civil War and one of its bloodiest clashes, began in Spain's Province of Teruel during one of the coldest winters in Spain's history.[143] Although Francisco Franco's Nationalists would defeat the Spanish Republican Army by February 22, each side sustained nearly 60,000 casualties.[144]
Nazi Germany restricted the issuing of passports to Jews to exceptional cases such as emigration, traveling in the economic interest of Germany, serious illness or death.[152]
The Imperial Japanese Army disregarded the demilitarized status of the Nanking Safety Zone, set up in the foreign section of the Chinese city, and invaded the refugee shelter at the Overseas Chinese Club, driving out more than 5,000 of the 7,500 Chinese refugees toward the Zhongshan Dock on the Yangtze River, and then shooting them to death.[153]
The Romanian pro-Fascist newspaper Țara Noastră ordered its readers to use every means to prevent Jews from voting in Monday's election. Jews were warned to stay away from the polls as their presence might provoke "reflex movements."[164]
Died:Robert Worth Bingham, 66, American newspaper publisher of The Courier-Journal of Louisville, and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1933 to 1937, died of complications from Hodgkin's lymphoma, less than one month after returning home.[167]
English author J. R. R. Tolkien wrote to C. A. Furth of Allen & Unwin, the firm which had published Tolkien's novel The Hobbit on September 21, saying, "I have written the first chapter of a new story about Hobbits - 'A long expected party'. A merry Christmas." This would become the first chapter of The Lord of the Rings.[168]
Japanese Ambassador Hiroshi Saito made a radio address to the American people saying that the Panay attack was a "shocking blunder", and that Japan would be "only too anxious" to make amends.[169]
A fire killed 81 schoolchildren and adults at the Minami Tomita Elementary School in Minami—Tomita (now part of Shirahama) in Wakayama Prefecture. According to reports, the fire broke out while 300 students and 150 adults were in the school auditorium to watch a film about the ongoing war between Japan in China.[175][176]
Died:Erich Ludendorff, 72, German general who led his army to victory at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of Liège in 1914 and oversaw German strategy from 1916 to Germany's surrender in 1918 in World War One, died while recovering from surgery.[181]
The Walt Disney animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length animated feature film in the U.S., was shown for the first time, premiering at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Hollywood.[182][183] It would become the highest-grossing film of 1938 upon its nationwide premiere on February 4.
Frank B. Kellogg, 80, U.S. Secretary of State from 1925 to 1929 and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, known for the Kellogg–Briand Pact, died from pneumonia following a stroke.[192]
Germany's Ambassador to Japan, Herbert von Dirksen, came to China and presented Japan's terms for a Chinese surrender to the Chinese-Japanese War, with a two-week deadline of January 5 for a reply by China's leader Chiang Kai-shek. The conditions were that China would pay war reparations to Japan, to acknowledge the loss of China's Manchurian territory that had become the puppet state of Manchukuo, to acknowledge Inner Mongolia's autonomy, and the withdrawal of troops from designated demilitarized zones in North China and inner Mongolia. Chiang let the January 5 deadline with no reply.[194]
The PERC rail car
The prototype of the first "pendulum car" for railroad travel was unveiled by the Pacific Railway Equipment Company (PERC) at its factory in Los Angeles. Testing scheduled of the car, designed to tilt while traveling on curves to begin on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.[195]
The French Social Party was banned in France. François de La Rocque and other leaders of the party were ordered by court to pay fines for reconstituting a political league that was supposed to have been dissolved.[196]
The American Contract Bridge League, the largest organization in North America of players of the card gamebridge, was created by a merger of the American Bridge League and the United States Bridge Association.[199]
The Japanese Army captured and occupied Hangzhou, capital of the Zhejiang province.[203]
The government of Japan acknowledged its responsibility for the December 12 sinking of the gunboat USS Panay and three American freighters and the Emperor Hirohito pledged that aggression by Japan against U.S. vessels would not happen again. In Tokyo, Foreign Minister Koki Hirota personally handed a diplomatic note to U.S. Ambassador Joseph C. Grew. [204]
The Soviet Union began the deportation of itsethnic Chinese citizens, as NKVD Order No. 62833 was issued by Director Nikolai Yezhov.[209] The Chairman of the NKVD's Far East department, Genrikh Lyushkov, had been selected to carry mass arrests. The day after the issuance of the order, Yezhov published the "Plan to Suppress Chinese Traitors and Spies" to outline the bases for arrests, executions and deportations. Over the next two years, an estimated 19,000 ethnic Chinese were forcibly relocated from the Russian SFSR to the Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR.[210]
La Julia Rhea and William Franklin became the first black opera singers to star in the production of a major opera company, as they appeared together as Aida and Amonasro in the Chicago Civic Opera's presentation of Giuseppe Verdi's Aida.[212]Chicago Tribune theatre critic Cecil Smith wrote the next day, " "A musical event without parallel in grand opera in America took place at the Civic Opera House last night..."[213]
Jean Van Leeuwen, American author of children's books, known for her Oliver and Amanda Pig and The Great Mouse Gang series of books; in Glen Ridge, New Jersey (d. 2025)[215]
After crossing the Yellow River on December 23, the 10th Division of the Japan's Manchurian Area Army captured Jinan, capital of China's Shandong province.[216] Despite being ordered by his superiors to defend Jinan to the last man, General Han Fuju and his Chinese Nationalist Army troops abandoned the city, after burning the provincial government offices and the Japanese consulate.[217][218] General Han was subsequently arrested by the Nationalist Army Chief of Staff, General Hu Zongnan, and executed for disobeying orders.[219]
The Japanese Mongolia Garrison Army was raised, under the command of General Shigeru Hasunuma, and charged with the task of defending China's Inner Mongolia region from a possible attack from the neighboring Soviet Union, which was, at the time, not an enemy of Japan.[221]
African-American schoolteacher Harriet Brown achieved a major victory after her employer, the Calvert County Board of Education in the U.S. state of Maryland for racial discrimination, settled the case and agreed to equal pay for its employees, regardless of race.[222] Before the suit, brought by future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, led to a similar settlement by the Montgomery County Public Schools and, in 1939, the passage by the state legislature of the Maryland Teachers Pay Equalization Law.
The new Constitution of Ireland went into effect. The Irish Free State was abolished and the country was renamed, as Article 4 of the new Constitution stated simply "The name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. The designation of "Republic of Ireland" would not be made until 1949.[231].
A general strike by 120,000 public service workers began in France. The strike was settled after one day.[232][233]
Pierre Michelin, president of the Michelin tire company since 1933, was fatally injured in a car accident at Loiretdépartement near Montargis, when he collided with a car driven by Louis Lagorgette, who was killed instantly, along his wife and son. Michelin died in a hospital the next day.[236]
Wayne Huizenga, American businessman and sports team owner who founded , the American trash collecting company Waste Management, Inc. (1968), the video rental company Blockbuster (1985), and the car retailer and rental company AutoNation (1996), and owned the Miami Dolphins NFL team, the Florida Panthers NHL team and the Miami Marlins MLB team; in Evergreen Park, Illinois (d.2018)[238]
Dieter Thomas Heck (stage name for Carl-Dieter Heckscher), German television host of the ZDF program ZDF-Hitparade and actor in the West German film Das Millionspiel; in Flensburg(d. 2018)[239]
King Farouk of Egypt dismissed the government of Prime MinisterMustafa el-Nahhas after the cabinet refused to appoint Aly Maher Pasha as chief of the royal cabinet. The King replaced Nahhas with Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, along with and a cabinet that included several pro-Italian ministers. Rioting broke out in several districts of Cairo by demonstrators angry at the replacement.[241]
The Soviet Union's "Navy of the Red Army" was separated out as its own service of the Soviet Armed Forces, with only 24 warships (17 destroyers, 4 battleships and 3 battle cruisers) but 150 submarines.[242]
Tagalog was declared to be national language of the Philippines by Executive Order No. 134 from President Manuel Quezon.[243]
Raquel Olmedo (stage name for Siomara Anicia Orama), Cuban-born Mexican singer and actress; in Caibarién[248]
Boualem Rahal, 19, Algerian independence fighter noted for being executed by French Algerian authorities; in Algiers[249]
Died:
Alaksandar Ćvikievič, 49, who had served as the Soviet premier of the Byelorussian SSR (now the Republic of Belarus) from 1923 to 1925, was executed in Minsk, after having been accused of being a member of an organization called "the Union of Liberation of Belarus".[250]
Frederick Nodder, 50, was hanged at Lincoln Prison for the January 5 murder of 10-year-old Mona Tinsley, after her body was discovered on June 6.
Octavian Goga addressed the Romanian people in a radio broadcast in which he outlined a series of antisemitic measures he intended to introduce against the country's Jews, whom he accused of having "exploited" Romania after entering "illegally" after the war.[252]
Born:
Avram Hershko, Hungarian-born Israeli biochemist and Nobel laureate; in Karcag
↑Vitols-Dixon, Nadine (2005) [2006]. A Life's journey: Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President of Latvia. Riga: Pētergailis. ISBN978-9984-33-174-4.
↑Klaas (1937-2025) veranderde met zijn werk het leven van veel mensen: ‘Hij was een briljante geest’ ("Klaas (1937-2025) changed the lives of many people with his work: 'He was a brilliant mind'"), by Bert Woudenberg , Algemeen Dagblad, November 7, 1925
↑Tetsuya Kataoka, Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front (University of California Press, 1974)
↑Yoshiro Miwa, Japan's Economic Planning and Mobilization in Wartime, 1930s–1940s (Cambridge University Press, 2015) p.132
↑Salvadó, Francsico J. Romero (2005). The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-137-25892-2.
↑"Franco Joins Anti-Communist Bloc as Japs Give Recognition— Tokio Appoints Envoy to Spain Rebels", by James R. Young, Oakland Post-Enquirer, December 1, 1937, p.2
↑Ronald M. Hahn, Volker Jansen and Norbert Stresau, Lexikon des Fantasy-Films: 650 Filme von 1900 bis 1986 (Munich: Heyne, 1986) p.444 ISBN 3-453-02273-4
↑Ricca, Brad (2014). Super Boys: The Amazing Adventures of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster - the Creators of Superman. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN978-1250049681.
↑Gunnar Friðrik Ingibergsson and Sigurður Hallbjörnsson. "Elin Briem (1856-1937)" (in Icelandic). Notendur. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
↑"Ralph Lewis injured". The New York Times. November 26, 1937. p.27. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
↑"Turkey Denounces Syrian Amity Pact; Break Is Laid to Resentment in Angora Over Attitude of French Authorities", The New York Times, December 8, 1937, p. 7
↑Picard, Elizabeth (Spring 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French) (99). Paris: Documentation française.
↑Lin, Hsiao-ting (2010). "4 War and new frontier designs". Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Routledge. pp.65–66. ISBN978-1-136-92393-7.
↑Charkiewicz, J. (2008). Męczennicy XX wieku. Martyrologia Prawosławia w Polsce w biografiach świętych[Martyrs of the 20th Century. Martyrology of Orthodoxy in Poland in the Biographies of Saints] (in Polish). Warsaw: Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna. pp.112–115. ISBN978-83-60311-11-0.
↑"ITALY RIPS LEAGUE AND QUITS— Il Duce Defies Democracies; Flaunts Might", Chicago Sunday Tribune, December 12, 1937, p.1
↑"Italy Quits the League As Mussolini Brands it A 'Tumpling Temple— Duce Warns Foes to Heed His Victories", The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 12, 1937, p.1
↑"Orakhelashvili Mamia Dmitrievich (1881)", in Otkritiya Slisok ("Open List")
↑"JAPANESE SINK U. S. GUNBOAT— 1 Dead, 18 Missing, 54 Saved as Bombs Wreck Ship Aiding Nanking Yanks", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 13, 1937, p.1
↑Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p.1874. ISBN978-1-85109-672-5.
↑"First Soviet Election Held— Bands Play, Voters Gay as 95 Percent Go to Polls— Few Contests", The Minneapolis Tribune, December 13, 1937, p.1
↑Aycock, Colleen; Wallace, David W. (2018). The Magnificent Max Baer: The Life of the Heavyweight Champion and Film Star. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p.216. ISBN978-1476671611.
↑Gkikas, Anastasis (2007). Οι Έλληνες στη διαδικασία οικοδόμησης του σοσιαλισμού στην ΕΣΣΔ[Greek Participation in the Building of Socialism in USSR] (in Greek). Athens: Syghxroni Epoxi. p.254. ISBN978-960-451-056-6.
↑Richard Vahrenkamp, The German Autobahn, 1920-1945: Hafraba Visions and Mega Projects (Josef Eul, 2010) p.120, n.156 ISBN 9783899369403
↑"The New German Speedway— Joining Rome with Baltic; Quarter of Scheme Finished", Belfast Telegraph, December 17, 1937, p.5 ("Dr. Todt stated that, with the opening of the first 1,200 miles of speed roads, which will be achieved to-morrow if the snow conditions permit, one quarter of the complete scheme will have been accomplished."
↑"Shuvaev Dmitry Savelievich", in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed., 1978)
↑"Ministerial Musical Chairs: The Last Ministers of War of the Russian Empire", by E. V. Bey and A. V. Evdokimov, Military History Journal, 2020, No. 3, pp. 46–53.
↑"Japanese Fire Takes 80 Lives", The Calgary Daily Herald, December 21, 1937, p.1
↑Darrah, David (December 21, 1937). "Britain Names New Envoy to Protect Interests in China". Chicago Daily Tribune. p.4.
↑Kuei Chih-hung, the Rebel in the System. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive. 2011. p.12. ISBN978-962-8050-59-8.Kuei Chih-hung, the Rebel in the System. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive. 2011. p.12. ISBN978-962-8050-59-8.
↑"Snow White's Debut Listed; Premiere of Disney Production in Array of Radio Features", by Dale Armstrong, Los Angeles Times, December 21, 1937, p.6
↑"'Snow White and 7 Dwarfs Is Smash Hit for Disney— World Premiere of First Full-Length Cartoon Feature Leaves Holly Wood Groggy Over Its Cost. But All Agree They Got Their Money's Worth at $5.50 a seat", The Cincinnati Post, December 22, 1937, p.32
↑Angelo Del Boca, La guerra d'Etiopia. L'ultima impresa del colonialismo (The Ethiopian War: Colonialism's Last Exploit) (Milan: Longanesi and Co., 2020) pp.221-223
↑"Александр Богданов" (Alexander Bogdanov), in Липецкая газеты «Итоги Недели»: Информационно-аналитический журнал (Itogi Nedeli: An Information and Analytical Journal), Lipetsk, 2013
↑"Tsinan Is Besieged; Japanese Are Reported Across Yellow River at Two Places", The New York Times, December 25, 1937, p.1
↑"JAPAN ACCEPTS FULL PANAY BLAME— Emperor Gives His Assurance", The Minneapolis Journal, December 24, 1937, p.1
↑Manly, Chesly (December 26, 1937). "Jap Promises Are Accepted". Chicago Daily Tribune. p.1.
↑E.N.Chernolutskaia (1993), "Deportatsiia kitaitsev iz Primoria"[Deportation of the Chinese from the Primore], Istoricheskii Opyt Otkrytiia, Zaseleniia I Osvoeniia Priamuria I Primoria (The Historical Experience of the Discovery, Settlement, and Development of the Amur and Primorye Regions) (in Russian)
↑Brustein, William (2010). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.159. ISBN978-0-52177-478-9.
↑"Pierre Michelin Killed in Auto Crash in France— American Tire Manufacturer's Son One of Four Victims of Collision", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 30, 1937, p.1
↑Lizaveta Kasmach, The Road to the First Belarusian State: Nation-Building in the Context of the First World War and Revolution (University of Alberta Press, 2016), p.25
