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Apple pie

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Apple pie
Apple pie with a lattice
Place of originEngland[1]
Serving temperatureHot or cold
Main ingredientsApples, flour, sugar, milk, cinnamon, butter, salt[2]
  • Wikibooks logo Cookbook: Apple pie
  •  Wikimedia Commons logo Media: Apple pie

An apple pie is a fruit pie in which the principal filling is apples. It generally has shortcrust pastry both above and below the filling; the upper pastry may be solid or latticed (woven of crosswise strips). The bottom or pastry base may be baked separately (known as "blind-baking") to prevent it from getting soggy. Tarte Tatin is baked with the pastry on top, but this is served the opposite way round with the fruit exposed.

First recorded in the 14th century in England, apple pie recipes are now a standard part of cuisines in many countries where apples grow. Apple pie is a significant dessert in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Australia, Germany, New Zealand, and the United States.[3] American apple pies are known to be considerably sweeter than their European cousins versions.[4]

Ingredients

Ingredients of an apple pie

The fruit in an apple pie can be made with many different sorts of apples. Common cooking apples include Braeburn, Gala, Cortland, Bramley, Empire, Northern Spy, Granny Smith, and McIntosh.[5] The fruit for the pie can be fresh, canned, or reconstituted from dried apples in the case of dried apple pie. Dried or preserved apples were originally substituted only at times when fresh fruit was unavailable. The basic ingredients of the filling are sugar, and an acidic ingredient like lemon juice. A thickener like eggs or corn starch may be added, while butter is added in the US. Spices may be added like cinnamon or nutmeg.[2][6][7] Lemon juice which is used to prevent oxidation of the apples when macerating the filling. Many older recipes call for honey in place of the then-expensive sugar.[8]

Most apple pies use shortcrust pastry,[9][10][7] however, the tarte Tatin is traditionally made with puff pastry,[11][12] while the Greek milopita bougatsa uses filo pastry.[13]

Serving

A serving of apple pie topped with vanilla ice cream

In the UK, custard is the traditional serving with apple pie,[14][15] although cream, either whipped or poured, is also used.[6] Apple pie in the US is often served à la mode, that is, topped with ice cream.[16] In another serving style originating in 17th century England, a piece of sharp cheddar or Wensleydale cheese is placed on top of a slice of the finished pie.[17][18][19] This practice also occurs in the United States and Canada, particularly in regions with dairy farms, such as New England.[17][20]

Nutrition

Apple pie (US), commercially prepared, enriched flour (Daily Value)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy992 kJ (237 kcal)
34.0 g
Sugars15.65 g
Dietary fibre1.6 g
11.0 g
1.9 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.028 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.027 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.263 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
2%
0.119 mg
Vitamin B6
2%
0.038 mg
Folate (B9)
7%
27 μg
Choline
1%
7.2 mg
Vitamin C
4%
3.2 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
11 mg
Iron
3%
0.45 mg
Magnesium
2%
7 mg
Manganese
8%
0.18 mg
Phosphorus
2%
24 mg
Potassium
2%
65 mg
Sodium
9%
201 mg
Zinc
1%
0.16 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water52.2 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[21] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[22]

A commercially prepared apple pie in the US is 52% water, 34% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 11% fat (table). A 100 g (3.5 oz) serving supplies 992 kilojoules (237 kilocalories) of food energy and 13% of the US recommended Daily Value of sodium, with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table).

Pies around the world

England

For To Make Tartys In Applis. Tak gode Applys and gode Spycis and Figys and reysons and Perys and wan they are wel ybrayed colourd wyth Safroun wel and do yt in a cofyn and do yt forth to bake wel.
14th-century recipe

The 14th century recipe collection the Forme of Cury gives a recipe including good apples, good spices, figs, raisins and pears in a cofyn, a casing of pastry. Saffron colours the filling.[23]

Lattice pastry styles were found from the 17th century alongside the more traditional dome shaped pie crust.[24] Traditionally, apples were stewed before the pie was baked,[25] but modern English versions incorporate thick layers of sweetened slices of, usually, Bramley apple; layered into a dome shape to allow for downward shrinkage, and thus avoid a saggy middle; then topped with butter or lard shortcrust pastry; and baked until the apple filling is cooked.[9] In Yorkshire, Wilfa apple cake is served on St Wilfa's day, and although called a cake, it is made with shortcrust pastry topped with Wensleydale cheese.[26]

In English-speaking countries, apple pie, often considered a comfort food, is eaten hot or cold, on its own or with cream, custard or ice cream. Apple pies are often sold in supermarkets and convenience stores as mini versions in multipacks.[27]

France

tarte Tatin, a French variation on apple pie

France has several types of apple pies. Tarte aux pommes and tarte Tatin are both made with puff pastry.[28] The tarte Tatin is a tart in which the apples are caramelized in butter and sugar before the tart is baked. The tarte is then served with the pastry served on the bottom exposing the caramelised apple.[29] Other variants include the Normandy tart,[30] and Croustade.

Germany

In Germany, the word "kuchen" encompasses desserts that English speakers may call "pie", with apple pie coming under Apfelkuchen.[31] The traditional pastry based apple pie is known as Gedeckter apfelkuchen and is fully encased in pastry with the apples cooked in the oven.[7]

Netherlands

Dutch apple pie with a lattice top layer (appeltaart)
Dutch apple crumble pie (appelkruimeltaart)

Recipes for Dutch apple pie go back to the Middle Ages. An early Dutch language cookbook from 1514, Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ("A notable little cookery book"), letterpress printed in Brussels by Thomas van der Noot, who may also have been the author,[32] documents a recipe for Appeltaerten (modern Dutch Appeltaarten 'apple pies'). This early recipe was simple, requiring only shortcrust pastry, slices of especially soft apples with their skin and seeds removed, and den selven deeghe daer die taerte af ghemaect es (more of the same dough) on top. It was then baked in a typical Dutch oven. Once baked, the top crust (except at the edges) would be cut out from the middle, after which the apple slices were potentially put through a sieve before the pie was stirred with a wooden spoon. At this point the book recommends adding several spices to the pie, namely: cardamom, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, mace and powdered sugar. Finally, after mixing the ingredients into the pie with cream, it is once again put into the oven to dry.[33]

Traditional Dutch apple pie comes in two varieties, a crumb or streusel-top (appelkruimeltaart) and a lattice-top (appeltaart) style pie. Both recipes are distinct in that they typically call for flavourings of cinnamon and lemon juice to be added and differ in texture, not taste.[34][35] Dutch apple pies may include ingredients such as full-cream butter, raisins and almond paste, in addition to ingredients such as apples and sugar, which they have in common with other recipes.[36] Both modern types have a shortcrust pastry on the bottom and around the edges. The apples are usually a crisp and mildly tart variety such as Goudreinet or Elstar. It can be eaten warm or cold, sometimes with a dash of whipped cream or vanilla ice cream.[35][37]

Poland

In Poland, szarlotka is regarded as apple pie. It has a shortcrust base, a filling of spiced shredded apple, and is either topped with more shortcrust pastry or a crumble mixture. There is a similar dish called jabłecznik, but this is considered a cake as it is not made with shortcrust pastry.[38]

Sweden

The Swedish style apple pie, äppelpaj is predominantly a variety of apple crumble, rather than a traditional pastry pie. Often, breadcrumbs are used (wholly or partially) instead of flour, and sometimes rolled oats. It is usually flavoured with cinnamon and served with vanilla custard or ice cream.[39]

America

Apple pie was brought to the colonies by the English, the Dutch, and the Swedes during the 17th and 18th centuries.[40] Two recipes for apple pie appear in America's first cookbook, American Cookery by Amelia Simmons, which was published in 1796.[41]

The apple pie had to wait for the planting of European varieties, brought across the Atlantic, to become fruit-bearing apple trees, to be selected for their cooking qualities as there were no native apples except crabapples, which yield very small and sour fruit.[42] In the meantime, the colonists were more likely to make their pies, or "pasties", from meat, rather than fruit; and the main use for apples, once they were available, was in cider. However, there are American apple pie recipes, both manuscript and printed, from the 18th century.[3] Apple varieties are usually propagated by grafting, as clones, but in the New World, planting from seeds was more successful, leading to development of hundreds of new native varieties.[43]

Apple pie was a common food in 18th-century Delaware. As noted by the New Sweden historian Dr. Israel Acrelius in a letter: "Apple pie is used throughout the whole year, and when fresh Apples are no longer to be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening meal of children."[44]

The mock apple pie, made from crackers, was probably invented for use aboard ships, as it was known to the British Royal Navy as early as 1812.[45] The earliest known published recipes for mock apple pie date from the antebellum period of the 1850s.[46][47] In the 1930s, and for many years afterwards, Ritz Crackers promoted a recipe for mock apple pie using its product, along with sugar and various spices.[48]

In the US, "Dutch apple pie" refers specifically to crumb-top variety known as appelkruimeltaart in the Netherlands.[35] Dried apple pie is prominent in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch, where it is known as schnitz pie.

In American culture

An apple pie is one of a number of American cultural icons.

Apple pie was one of the dishes that Rhode Island army officers ate for their Fourth of July celebrations during the Siege of Petersburg.[49]

Although originating in England and eaten in Europe since long before the European colonisation of the Americas, apple pie as used in the phrase "as American as apple pie" describes something as being "typically American".[50][51] In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, apple pie became a symbol of American prosperity and national pride. A newspaper article published in 1902 declared that "No pie-eating people can be permanently vanquished."[52] The dish was also commemorated in the phrase "for Mom and apple pie"—supposedly the stock answer of American soldiers in World War II, whenever journalists asked why they were going to war. Jack Holden and Frances Kay sang in their patriotic 1950 song "The Fiery Bear", creating contrast between this symbol of U.S. culture and the Russian bear of the Soviet Union:

We love our baseball and apple pie
We love our county fair
We'll keep Old Glory waving high
There's no place here for a bear

Advertisers exploited the patriotic connection in the 1970s with the commercial jingle "baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet".

One out of five Americans surveyed (19%) prefer apple pie over all others, followed by pumpkin (13%) and pecan (12%).[53]

The unincorporated community of Pie Town, New Mexico, is named after apple pie.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kat Eschner (12 May 2017). "Apple Pie Is Not All That American". The Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Apple Pie". Food Network. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  3. 1 2 D'Aiutolo, Olivia (17 August 2015). "A Pinch of History: Amelia Simmons's Apple Pie". Fondly, Pennsylvania. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  4. ↑ Jean Stubbs; Jelmer Vos; Jonathan Curry-Machado; William Gervase Clarence-Smith (2024). The Oxford Handbook of Commodity History. Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 9780197502679.
  5. ↑ "The Best Apples for Apple Pie". Farm Blog | The Stemilt Blog. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  6. 1 2 "Best Apple Pie Recipe My Favorite British Apple Pie". Christina Cucina. 28 May 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 "Gedeckter Apfelkuchen Rezept mit Ahornsirup Glasur und gebrannten Mandeln". zucker zimt und liebe. 21 October 2023.
  8. ↑ "7 Facts about Apple Pie". 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Homemade apple pie". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  10. ↑ "Apple Pie Crust Recipe". Martha Stewart. 4 September 2025.
  11. ↑ "Tarte tatin. Raymond Blanc". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  12. ↑ "Tarte tatin with soured cream shortcrust pastry". BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  13. ↑ "Milopita bougatsa (Greek apple pie with phyllo)". Kopiaste. 19 February 2024.
  14. ↑ "Mark Aisthorpe's baked apple pie with custard recipe". Love Food. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  15. ↑ "Apple pie and Custard". Wiltshire Farm Foods. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  16. ↑ The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, ed. Darra Goldstein, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 1
  17. 1 2 Waters, Michael (13 July 2017). "The Long, Storied Controversy Over Cheese on Apple Pie". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  18. ↑ Catherine Donnelly, ed., The Oxford Companion to Cheese, ISBN 0199330905, 2016, p. 762
  19. ↑ Walter Gore Marshall, Through America Or, Nine Months in the United States, 1882 p. 99
  20. ↑ "Apple Pie with Cheese: The Surprising Story Behind the Iconic (and Polarizing) Combo". Yahoo Life. 7 September 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2026.
  21. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  22. ↑ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  23. ↑ The Forme of Cury, section Servicium de Pissibus (i.e. fasting recipes), item XXIII Archived 5 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Cooper, Joseph (1654). The art of cookery refined and augemented. British library.
  25. ↑ "Proper Apple Pie". BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  26. ↑ Duff, Julie (2003). Cakes. Regional and Traditional. Grub Street. p. 112. ISBN 9781904943198.
  27. ↑ "Mr Kipling Bramley Apple Pies Multipack Snack 6pk". Morrisons. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  28. ↑ "Tarte aux pommes". Delicious Magazine. 2 September 2021.
  29. ↑ "Carter's Tatin". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  30. ↑ "Normandy Tart". Eden Project. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  31. ↑ Hofmann, M.; Lydtin, H. (1977). Bayerische Kochbuch. München: Birken-Verlag.
  32. ↑ "Home Notabel Boecxken van Cokeryen door Thomas vander Noot (1514)". Kookhistorie.nl. 13 August 2002. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  33. ↑ Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen - 123 Appeltaerten., dbnl.org Archived 22 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "Recipe: More apple cakes: Hollandse appeltaart aka Dutch Apple Tart". Recipes Tap. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  35. 1 2 3 "Dutch Apple Pie | Stemilt". Stemilt. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  36. ↑ "page 21 "De verstandige kock of sorghvuldige huyshoudster (anno 1669)"". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  37. ↑ "Dutch Apple Pie". Brown Eyed Baker. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  38. ↑ "Szarlotka - Polish apple pie". The Polonist. 5 November 2019.
  39. ↑ "Världens godaste äppelsmulpaj". ICA. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  40. ↑ "Why Apple Pie Isn't So American After All". Food 52. 8 October 2021.
  41. ↑ "A Pinch of History: Amelia Simmons's Apple Pie". History Society of Pennsylvania. 17 August 2015.
  42. ↑ "Origin, History of cultivation". University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2013. The center of diversity of the genus Malus is the eastern Turkey, southwestern Russia region of Asia Minor. Apples were improved through selection over a period of thousands of years by early farmers. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC; those he brought back to Greece may well have been the progenitors of dwarfing rootstocks. Apples were brought to North America with colonists in the 1600s, and the first apple orchard on this continent was said to be near Boston in 1625.
  43. ↑ "Apples in America". Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  44. ↑ Stradley, Linda. "Apple Pie - History of Apple Pie". What's Cooking America.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  45. ↑ Clarke, James Stanier; Jones, Stephen; Jones, John (1812). "The Naval Chronicle". The Naval Chronicle. 28: 61. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  46. ↑ Bliss (1850). Practical Cook Book: Containing Upwards of One Thousand Receipts... Lippincott, Grambo. p. 153. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  47. ↑ Godey, Louis Antoine; Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1854). "Godey's Magazine". Godey's Magazine. 48–49: 378. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  48. ↑ Kracklauer, Beth (28 February 2008). "Putting on the Ritz". Saveur.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  49. ↑ "Food Timeline--Fourth of July food history". www.foodtimeline.org.
  50. ↑ "American food: The 50 greatest dishes". CNN Travel. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  51. ↑ Cambridge University Press (2011). "Definition of "as American as apple pie"". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  52. ↑ "Popular Apple Sayings". U.S. Apple Association. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  53. ↑ "Fun facts" (PDF). piecouncil.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  54. ↑ "Pie Town New Mexico". Pietown.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
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