1,000,000,000,000
| 1000000000000 | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal | One trillion (short scale) One billion (long scale) One thousand billion One million million[1] |
| Ordinal | One trillionth (short scale) One billionth (long scale) |
| Factorization |
|
| Divisors | 169 total |
| Greek numeral | |
| Roman numeral | M̅̅̅ (M with three overlines) |
| Greek prefix | tera- |
| Binary | 11101000110101001010010100010000000000002 |
| Ternary | 101121210112011021021110013 |
| Senary | 20432210103013446 |
| Octal | 164324512100008 |
| Duodecimal | 141981B8785412 |
| Hexadecimal | E8D4A5100016 |
| Base 36 | CRE66I9S36 |
| Arabic | ١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ |
| Bengali | ১০০০০০০০০০০০০ |
| Chinese | 万亿 (standard), 兆 (myriad scale) |
| Devanagari | १०००००००००००० |
| Japanese | 兆 |
| Khmer | ១០០០០០០០០០០០០ (ពាន់ពាន់លាន) |
| Korean | 조 |
| Tamil | ௲௲௲௲, க௦௦௦௦௦௦௦௦௦௦௦௦ |
| Thai | ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (ล้านล้าน) |
1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale; one billion on the long scale; one thousand billion; one million million) is the natural number following 999,999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,000,001. It is known as 10 kharab, 1000 arab, or 1 lakh crore in the Indian numbering system.
Etymology
[edit]The word trillion is borrowed from French trillion, which is from tri- ("three") + -illion. It can be abbreviated as tril, tln, tn, or simply t. Originally in British English, the word "trillion" referred to million million millions (while "billion" referred to million millions, which is equal to trillion in American English). However, to many people, the word refers to one thousand billion (1,000,000,000,000) in the present day.
Properties and usage
[edit]1,000,000,000,000 has the following properties and usage:
In mathematics
[edit]- It is even, composite, abundant, polite, practical, frugal, and regular. It is also a perfect power and a harshad number.
- It is written in scientific notation as 1 × 1012 or 1012 (1E+12 or simply 1E12 in E notation).
- It is the square of 1,000,000, the cube of 10,000, the fourth power of 1,000, and the sixth power of 100.
- It has a total of 169 divisors (156 even, 13 odd), whose geometric mean is 1,000,000. All divisors are displayed below:
1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 64, 80, 100, 125, 128, 160, 200, 250, 256, 320, 400, 500, 512, 625, 640, 800, 1000, 1024, 1250, 1280, 1600, 2000, 2048, 2500, 2560, 3125, 3200, 4000, 4096, 5000, 5120, 6250, 6400, 8000, 10000, 10240, 12500, 12800, 15625, 16000, 20000, 20480, 25000, 25600, 31250, 32000, 40000, 50000, 51200, 62500, 64000, 78125, 80000, 100000, 102400, 125000, 128000, 156250, 160000, 200000, 250000, 256000, 312500, 320000, 390625, 400000, 500000, 512000, 625000, 640000, 781250, 800000, 1000000, 1250000, 1280000, 1562500, 1600000, 1953125, 2000000, 2500000, 2560000, 3125000, 3200000, 3906250, 4000000, 5000000, 6250000, 6400000, 7812500, 8000000, 9765625, 10000000, 12500000, 12800000, 15625000, 16000000, 19531250, 20000000, 25000000, 31250000, 32000000, 39062500, 40000000, 48828125, 50000000, 62500000, 64000000, 78125000, 80000000, 97656250, 100000000, 125000000, 156250000, 160000000, 195312500, 200000000, 244140625, 250000000, 312500000, 320000000, 390625000, 400000000, 488281250, 500000000, 625000000, 781250000, 800000000, 976562500, 1000000000, 1250000000, 1562500000, 1600000000, 1953125000, 2000000000, 2500000000, 3125000000, 3906250000, 4000000000, 5000000000, 6250000000, 7812500000, 8000000000, 10000000000, 12500000000, 15625000000, 20000000000, 25000000000, 31250000000, 40000000000, 50000000000, 62500000000, 100000000000, 125000000000, 200000000000, 250000000000, 500000000000, 1000000000000
- The sum of all divisors of 1012, including itself, is 2,499,694,822,171.
- It has an Euler totient of 400,000,000,000, and an aliquot sum of 1,499,694,822,171.
- There are a total of 37,607,912,018 positive primes less than 1012.[2]
- Below is the list of basic calculations of 1,000,000,000,000:
| Multiplication |
Division |
Exponentiation |
nth root
| |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 2,000,000,000,000 | 500,000,000,000 | 1024 | 1,000,000 |
| 3 | 3,000,000,000,000 | 333,333,333,333.3 | 1036 | 10,000 |
| 4 | 4,000,000,000,000 | 250,000,000,000 | 1048 | 1,000 |
| 5 | 5,000,000,000,000 | 200,000,000,000 | 1060 | ≈251.188643151 |
| 6 | 6,000,000,000,000 | 166,666,666,666.6 | 1072 | 100 |
| 7 | 7,000,000,000,000 | 142,857,142,857.142857 | 1084 | ≈51.7947467923 |
| 8 | 8,000,000,000,000 | 125,000,000,000 | 1096 | ≈31.6227766017 |
| 9 | 9,000,000,000,000 | 111,111,111,111.1 | 10108 | ≈21.5443469003 |
| 10 | 10,000,000,000,000 | 100,000,000,000 | 10120 | ≈15.8489319246 |
In science
[edit]- For physical quantities, the metric prefix tera (symbol T) indicates 1,000,000,000,000 times the base unit. For example, 1012 bits of data is called a terabit, 1012 joules of energy is called a terajoule, and 1012 watts of power is called a terawatt.
- The computing performance of 1012 floating point operations per second is known as terascale computing. It is the performance of several supercomputers, such as NEC SX-4,[3] Intel's ASCI Red, and iPhone 15 Pro September 2023 A17 Pro processor.
Sense of scale
[edit]
Some comparisons below give a sense of how large 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) is, according to current evidence.
Time
[edit]- 1012 seconds—a terasecond—is about 31 thousand years. Homo sapiens were living as 'hunter-gatherers' 1012 seconds ago.
- 1012 minutes (about 1.9 million years) ago, the human species Homo erectus was in existence.
- 1012 hours (about 114 million years) ago, Late Cretaceous dinosaurs dominated the land, and giant squids thrived in the oceans.
- 1012 days (about 2.74 billion years) ago, Earth was an alien world where only single-celled microorganisms existed.
- 1012 months (about 83 billion years) ago, the universe itself did not exist, as it was created only 13.787 billion years ago. 1012 months from now, the Moon may collide with the Earth or be torn apart to form an orbital ring, if both have not already been destroyed.
- 1012 years—a teraannus—is 70 times the age of the universe.
Distance
[edit]- 1012 inches is about 15 million miles (24 million kilometres), approximately 1/6th the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
- 1012 metres (a terametre) is over six times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is the estimated diameter of Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star.
- 1012 kilometres (a petametre) is about 1/10th a light-year.
- A light-year is approximately 5,878,600,000,000 miles.
Area
[edit]- 1012 square inches is approximately the total area of Saint Lucia, an island country in the eastern Caribbean.
- 1012 square feet is larger than the total area of Portugal.
- 1012 square metres is approximately the total area of Ethiopia, the 26th largest country on Earth.
- 1012 square kilometres is almost 2,000 times the Earth's total surface area.
Volume
[edit]- If 1012 cubic metres of water were spread evenly over the Moon's surface, it would create a layer of water approximately 2.6 centimetres deep.
- 1012 grains of sand would occupy a volume of about 0.5 cubic metres.
Economy
[edit]Nature
[edit]- An average-sized mountain weighs about 1012 kilograms.
- Andromeda Galaxy, Milky Way's neighbor, contains about 1012 stars.
- It is estimated that there are around 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.[5][6]
- There were around 3 trillion trees on Earth in 2015.[7]
- Scientists have estimated that the number of fish in the ocean is around 3.5 trillion.[8]
- The surface of the human body houses roughly 1012 bacteria.[9]
Selected 13-digit numbers (1,000,000,000,001–9,999,999,999,999)
[edit]1,000,000,000,001 to 1,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 1,000,000,000,039 : smallest 13-digit prime number[10]
- 1,000,002,000,001 = 10000012, palindromic square
- 1,000,001,326,005 : smallest 13-digit triangular number, 1,414,214th triangular number[11]
- 1,004,006,004,001 = 10020012 = 10014, palindromic fourth power
- 1,061,520,150,601 = 10303012 = 102013 = 1016
- 1,062,991,989,013 : number of square (0,1)-matrices without zero rows and with exactly 11 entries equal to 1[12]
- 1,070,710,724,173 : 153rd Markov number[13]
- 1,099,511,627,776 = 2565 = 1610 = 420 = 240, binary approximation of metric prefix tera
- 1,099,511,629,376 : Leyland number[14] using 2 & 40 (240 + 402)
- 1,099,511,787,776 : Leyland number using 4 & 20 (420 + 204)
- 1,111,111,111,111 : repunit
- 1,124,388,064,800 : 67th superabundant number[15]
- 1,125,000,750,000 : sum of first 1,500,000 natural numbers
- 1,141,246,682,444 = 22×1111[16]
- 1,184,065,449,986 : 154th Markov number
- 1,202,590,842,879 : 35th Woodall number[17]
- 1,226,280,710,981 : 15th alternating factorial[18]
- 1,289,904,147,324 : 24th Catalan number[19]
- 1,307,674,368,000 = 15!
- 1,307,674,368,120 : 15th factoriangular number[20]
- 1,338,193,159,771 : number of posets with 14 unlabeled elements[21]
- 1,373,119,300,369 : number of series-reduced planted trees with 45 nodes[22]
- 1,419,855,914,607 : 38th Wedderburn-Etherington number[23]
- 1,427,933,269,321 : 155th Markov number
- 1,466,024,067,850 : number of 48-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent[24]
- 1,489,877,926,680 : 5th 8-dimensional Catalan number[25]
- 1,490,542,435,045 : 156th Markov number
- 1,497,207,322,930 : number of 47-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed[26]
- 1,499,694,822,171 : aliquot sum of 1,000,000,000,000
- 1,513,744,654,945 : 33rd Pell number,[27] 157th Markov number
- 1,523,548,331,041 = 12343212 = 11114
- 1,548,008,755,920 : 60th Fibonacci number
- 1,563,135,350,013 : number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 36 nodes[28]
- 1,618,362,158,587 : 19th Schröder–Hipparchus number[29]
- 1,697,385,471,211 : 30th Motzkin number[30]
- 1,706,111,387,068 : number of centered hydrocarbons with 37 carbon atoms[31]
- 1,722,099,665,665 : 158th Markov number
- 1,915,868,454,737 : 159th Markov number
- 1,927,522,396,800 : 68th superabundant number
- 1,934,197,506,555 : 48th repfigit[32]
- 1,961,990,553,600 = 24!!
2,000,000,000,000 to 2,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 2,000,001,000,000 : sum of first 2,000,000 natural numbers
- 2,076,871,684,802 : 160th Markov number
- 2,122,553,644,686 : number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 35 nucleotides[33]
- 2,135,248,790,338 : 161st Markov number
- 2,156,735,837,173 : 162nd Markov number
- 2,222,222,222,222 : repdigit
- 2,248,776,129,600 : 69th superabundant number, 18th superior highly composite number[34]
- 2,262,366,343,746 : number of trees with 35 unlabeled nodes[35]
- 2,473,901,162,495 : 36th Woodall number
- 2,499,694,822,171 : sum of all divisors of 1,000,000,000,000
- 2,504,730,781,961 : 61st Fibonacci number, 163rd Markov number
- 2,541,865,828,329 = 913 = 326
- 2,541,865,845,905 : Leyland number using 3 & 26 (326 + 263)
- 2,552,470,327,702 : Leyland number using 9 & 13 (913 + 139)
- 2,557,227,044,764 : number of free polyominoes with 25 cells[36]
- 2,821,109,907,456 = 16796162 = 12964 = 368 = 616
- 2,821,126,684,672 : Leyland number using 6 & 16 (616 + 166)
- 2,872,202,028,517 : number of 49-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
- 2,906,166,827,065 : number of series-reduced planted trees with 46 nodes
- 2,932,031,358,484 : number of 48-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
- 2,959,365,073,955 ~ 10^(3*π+3), rounded-up pi-illion[37]
3,000,000,000,000 to 3,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 3,099,893,879,221 : 164th Markov number
- 3,125,001,250,000 : sum of first 2,500,000 natural numbers
- 3,204,941,750,802 : number of positive primes less than 1014[2]
- 3,236,724,317,174 : 19th Schröder number[38]
- 3,257,843,882,624 : 23rd telephone number[39]
- 3,267,653,834,825 : 165th Markov number
- 3,333,333,333,333 : repdigit
- 3,373,164,194,400 : 70th superabundant number
- 3,389,524,479,050 : 39th Wedderburn-Etherington number
- 3,494,391,117,164 : number of signed trees with 22 nodes[40]
- 3,512,479,453,921 = 18741612 = 13694 = 378
- 3,654,502,875,938 : 34th Pell number
- 3,809,950,977,008 : 16th logarithmic number[41]
- 3,814,697,265,625 = 19531252 = 259 = 518
- 3,814,699,155,193 : Leyland number using 5 & 18 (518 + 185)
- 3,899,735,407,806 : number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 37 nodes
4,000,000,000,000 to 4,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 4,052,739,537,881 : 62nd Fibonacci number
- 4,360,711,162,037 : 166th Markov number
- 4,444,444,444,444 : repdigit
- 4,492,268,106,137 : number of centered hydrocarbons with 38 carbon atoms
- 4,497,552,259,200 : 71st superabundant number
- 4,500,001,500,000 : sum of first 3,000,000 natural numbers
- 4,508,515,437,145 : 167th Markov number
- 4,643,961,467,965 : 168th Markov number
- 4,658,179,125,600 : 72nd superabundant number
- 4,747,561,509,943 = 168073 = 3435 = 715
- 4,747,732,369,318 : Leyland number using 7 & 15 (715 + 157)
- 4,859,761,676,391 : 31st Motzkin number
- 4,861,946,401,452 : 25th Catalan number
5,000,000,000,000 to 5,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 5,085,241,278,463 : 37th Woodall number
- 5,336,735,929,371 : number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 36 nucleotides
- 5,528,778,008,357 : 169th Markov number
- 5,555,555,555,555 : repdigit
- 5,587,637,513,705 : 170th Markov number
- 5,629,516,646,996 : number of 50-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
- 5,744,387,279,818 : number of 49-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
- 5,832,742,205,057 : 19th Bell number[42]
6,000,000,000,000 to 6,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 6,073,061,476,032 : self-descriptive number in base 12[43]
- 6,125,001,750,000 : sum of first 3,500,000 natural numbers
- 6,155,434,522,614 : number of series-reduced planted trees with 47 nodes
- 6,226,306,037,178 : number of trees with 36 unlabeled nodes
- 6,557,470,319,842 : 63rd Fibonacci number, 171st Markov number
- 6,666,666,666,666 : repdigit
- 6,746,328,388,800 : 73rd superabundant number
- 6,963,472,309,248 : 4th taxicab number
7,000,000,000,000 to 7,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 7,163,627,708,162 : 172nd Markov number
- 7,420,738,134,810 : 12th primorial[44]
- 7,625,597,484,987 = 196833 = 279 = 327 = 333 = 33 = 23, megafugathree[45]
- 7,625,597,504,670 : Leyland number using 3 & 27 (327 + 273)
- 7,777,777,777,777 : repdigit
- 7,905,853,580,625 = 25!!
8,000,000,000,000 to 8,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 8,000,002,000,000 : sum of first 4,000,000 natural numbers
- 8,099,766,813,570 : 40th Wedderburn-Etherington number
- 8,115,549,747,397 : 173rd Markov number
- 8,649,755,859,375 = 1511
- 8,756,963,649,152 : 49th repfigit
- 8,759,309,660,445 : 20th Schröder–Hipparchus number
- 8,822,750,406,821 : 35th Pell number, 174th Markov number
- 8,888,888,888,888 : repdigit
- 8,916,100,448,256 = 29859842 = 207363 = 1446 = 1212
9,000,000,000,000 to 9,999,999,999,999
[edit]- 9,210,000,001,000 : 10th autobiographical number[46]
- 9,316,358,251,200 : 74th superabundant number
- 9,460,730,472,581 : rounded-up length of a light-year in kilometres
- 9,739,810,110,758 : number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 38 nodes[28]
- 9,787,184,545,081 : 175th Markov number
- 9,918,212,890,625 : 24th 1-automorphic number[47]
- 9,925,594,216,162 : 176th Markov number
- 9,999,088,822,075 : number of free polyominoes with 26 cells
- 9,999,999,999,971 : largest 13-digit prime number[48]
- 9,999,999,999,999 : largest 13-digit number, repdigit
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "One million million". Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved 15 October 2025.
- ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006880 (Number of primes less than 10^n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ "【NEC】SX-4". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-08-25.
- ^ Data Commons. (n.d.). Spain: Gross domestic product (2024). Retrieved from https://datacommons.org/place/country/ESP?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource,GrossDomesticProduction&hl=en
- ^ Hollis, Morgan (13 October 2016). "A universe of two trillion galaxies". The Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
- ^ Saunders, Toby (25 July 2023). ""How many galaxies are in the Universe? A lot more than you'd think"". BBC. Retrieved September 27, 2025.
- ^ Jonathan Amos (3 September 2015). "Earth's trees number 'three trillion'". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.
- ^ Joyce Chepkemoi (25 April 2017). "How Many Fish Live in the Ocean?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved September 27, 2025.
- ^ "Earth microbes on the moon". Science@Nasa. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003617 (Smallest n-digit prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A068093 (Smallest n-digit triangular number)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A122400 (Number of square (0,1)-matrices without zero rows and with exactly n entries equal to 1)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A076980 (Leyland numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A004394 (Superabundant [or super-abundant] numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A048102". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003261 (Woodall (or Riesel) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000108 (Catalan numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A101292". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000112 (Number of partially ordered sets ("posets") with n unlabeled elements)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001678 (Number of series-reduced planted trees with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001190 (Wedderburn-Etherington numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000011 (Number of n-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A321977 (8-dimensional Catalan numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000013 (Number of n-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000129 (Pell numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002955 (Number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001003 (Schroeder's second problem (generalized parentheses))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001006 (Motzkin numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000022 (Number of centered hydrocarbons with n atoms)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007629 (Repfigit (REPetitive FIbonacci-like diGIT) numbers (or Keith numbers))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002201 (Superior highly composite numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000055 (Number of trees with n unlabeled nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000105 (Number of free polyominoes (or square animals) with n cells)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ cookiefonster. "Pointless Gigantic List of Numbers - Part 2 (1,000,000 ~ 10^10^100)". Retrieved September 27, 2025.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006318 (Large Schröder numbers (or large Schroeder numbers, or big Schroeder numbers))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000085 (Number of self-inverse permutations on n letters, also known as involutions)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000060 (Number of signed trees with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002104 (Logarithmic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000110 (Bell or exponential numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A108551 (Self-descriptive numbers in various bases represented in base 10)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002110 (Primorial numbers (first definition))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sbiis Saibian. "3.2.2 The Fz, The Fuga & The Megafuga". Retrieved September 27, 2025.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A138480 (Autobiographical numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003226 (Automorphic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
- ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003618 (Largest n-digit prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.